PubMed · 8804759
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E B Ing, T G Ing. 1996. Orbital mnemonics.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8804759/
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Clinical judgment of psychiatric nurses was investigated using judgment analysis within the framework of social judgment theory. Nine nurses at a short-term psychiatric care facility made recommendations concerning restraint and seclusion for 80 patients described on paper in terms of 17 characteristics (cues). Nurses generally favored close observation of patients over seclusion and restraint, and information about current behavior and functioning had more impact on nurses' judgments than did patient history. Nurses had good insight into the nature of their own judgments. However, individual differences in cue utilization and inconsistency in strategy usage led to disagreement among nurses about specific recommendations for particular patients. No one patient received identical recommendations from all nurses, and nurses agreed with each other on specific recommendations only about a third of the time. The lack of agreement has implications for development of staff training programs and further research on the clinical judgment processes of nurses.
Incidental perceptual memory tests reveal priming when words are generated orally from a semantic cue at study, and this priming could reflect contamination by voluntary retrieval. We tested this hypothesis using a generate condition and two read conditions that differed in depth of processing (read-phonemic vs read-semantic). An intentional word-stem completion test showed an advantage for the read-semantic over the generate condition and an advantage for the generate over the read-phonemic condition, and completion times were longer than in a control test, prior to which there was no study phase. An incidental word-stem completion test showed equivalent priming for the read-semantic and read-phonemic study conditions, despite considerable power, and completion times were no longer than control, indicating that retrieval was involuntary, and insensitive to prior conceptual processing. The generate condition produced less priming than the read conditions, but significant priming nonetheless. The results show that priming from generating can be involuntary and suggest that lexical processes are responsible. They are also the first results conjointly showing a crossed double dissociation, a single dissociation, and a parallel effect across memory tests with identical physical retrieval cues.
This investigation studied the latencies of saccadic eye movements that were directed away from a target by a variable angular distance, which was given by instruction. Such a movement presumably requires an intentional, visuomotor mental rotation of the saccade vector, resulting in prolonged reaction times. From a study on the control of directed hand movements, it has been hypothesized that all visuomotor and visual mental rotation tasks share a common processing stage. We tested this hypothesis with a saccade task in which subjects shifted their gaze either towards (0 degrees, pro-saccade), or 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 degrees(anti-saccade) away from a randomly cued position on an imaginary clock face. With four different cueing conditions, latencies increased monotonically with required gaze shift from 0-150 degrees, thus exhibiting a mental rotation latency pattern. However, we also found anti-saccades faster than 150 degrees gaze shift and slower rotation speeds with peripheral cues than with central cues. Together with the overall shallower latency increase compared with previous findings with mental rotation tasks, these results cast doubt on the notion of a common, central processing mechanism for the different types of tasks.