PubMed · 8909895
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R L Popp. 1996. A three-dimensional perspective.. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014702
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This study provides normal fetal cardiac dimensional data in a large patient group over a wide range of gestational ages. Perpendicular imaging decreased lateral resolution error, resulting in normal values with narrower confidence limits than in prior studies.
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From July 1, 1989 to June 30, 1996, a total of six patients, four male and two female, with double aortic arch (DAA) were registered. They aged 16 days to 6.5 years. There were two patients with isolated DAA, and four complicated with intracardiac anomalies. All six patients presented respiratory distress and feeding problem early in life. However, cyanosis, owing to decreased pulmonary blood flow, predominated the clinical picture in each patient having DAA intricated with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and pulmonary stenosis, TOF with absent pulmonary valve syndrome, and type II-A tricuspid atresia. DiGeorge syndrome was documented in one patient with TOF and pulmonary stenosis. Expiratory wheezing was remarkable in the patient with TOF and absent pulmonary valve syndrome. Mild cyanosis and heart failure was noted in one patient with ventricular septal defect (VSD), and bicuspid pulmonary valve with mild valvular stenosis. Barium esophagogram showed indentations on esophagus in five patients. Echocardiography was yielding in three infants. Four patients, two isolated and two complex DAA, survived the surgical division of the smaller left aortic arch. One-stage and two-stage operation was performed in patients having DAA intricated with VSD and TOF, respectively. The other two patients with complex DAA remained in close observation owing to the tolerance of symptoms related to intracardiac anomalies.