PubMed · 9677851
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H W Stedtfeld. 1998. [Interlocking nailing--unreamed, reamed?].. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001130050302
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Steam-sterilizable membrane probes for monitoring the dissolved oxygen level in fermentors, or the oxygen content of gas streams, are described. The probes have a silver cathode, a lead anode, and an acetate buffer as an electrolyte. The membrane is Teflon. The current output of the probes in the absence of oxygen is negligible.
This paper discusses two international performance-based standards, ANSI/ISA S84.01 and IEC d61508 and the requirements they place upon companies that rely on electrical, electronic and programmable electronic systems to perform safety functions. Performance-based regulations are also discussed and common safety elements between the standards and regulations are identified. Several risk analysis techniques that can be used to comply with the aforementioned requirements are discussed and a simple example is used to illustrate the use, advantages and disadvantages of the techniques. The evaluation of safety integrity level (SIL) of the Safety Instrumented System (SIS) in terms of the probability to fail to function is outside the scope of this paper.
BACKGROUND: Tracheostoma breathing valves permit hands-free tracheoesophageal (TE) speech production; however, few laryngectomees routinely use them because of problems with attachment. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 45 TE speakers to determine the success rate and factors associated with successful breathing valve use based on attachment. All patients attempted to use a tracheostoma breathing valve with either a standard or customized peristomal housing, or a standard or customized Barton button. Device selection was based on inspection of the patient's neck and peristomal contour. Six to eight consecutive hours of attachment defined success. RESULTS: Overall, 9% of subjects succeeded with any peristomal attachment as compared to 68% with either a standard (57%) or customized (85%) Barton button. Smooth stomal contour, a contiguous stomal lip, and correct button length were important for successful Barton button use. CONCLUSIONS: Standard or customized Barton buttons offer excellent alternatives to peristomal housing attachments for hands-free TE speech in select patients.