PubMed · 9766998
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A Ahmed. 1998-10-08. Acute diverticulitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9766998/
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There is increasing evidence that central noradrenaline (NA) transport mechanisms are implicated in the central nervous system complications of acute liver failure. In order to assess this possibility, binding sites for the high affinity NA transporter ligand [3H]-nisoxetine were measured by quantitative receptor autoradiography in the brains of rats with acute liver failure resulting from hepatic devascularization and in appropriate controls. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure extracellular brain concentrations of NA. Severe encephalopathy resulted in a significant loss of [3H]-nisoxetine sites in frontal cortex and a concomitant increase in extracellular brain concentrations of NA in rats with acute liver failure. A loss of transporter sites was also observed in thalamus of rats with acute liver failure. This loss of NA transporter sites could result from depletion of central NA stores due to a reserpine-like effect of ammonia which is known to accumulate to millimolar concentrations in brain in ischemic liver failure. Impaired NA transport and the consequent increase in synaptic concentrations and increased stimulation of neuronal and astrocytic noradrenergic receptors could be implicated in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy and brain edema characteristic of acute liver failure.
We propose to use a very simple model to test whether a cancer cluster is due to chance alone. We focus on the acute childhood leukaemia cluster in Columbus, Ohio. In 1975, 12 leukaemia cases were observed in Columbus while the expected number is 6 cases per year. According to our simple model, the probability of such an occurrence, due to chance alone, is less than 1 per cent. However, if we divide the child population of the U.S.A. into 200 regions (each region having 200 000 children) then the probability that at least one region will see, in a given year, 12 or more cases is higher than 80 per cent. So in this sense the Columbus cluster could be attributed to chance alone. However, the probability that any of the 200 regions see 18 cases or more in a given year is almost 0. Thus, a cluster of 18 or more cases in a region of 200 000 children should be regarded as highly suspicious and should be investigated.
The Ca(2+)-binding S100A1 protein displays a specific and differential expression in the human myocardium and is considered to be an important regulator of heart function. Because of its high expression levels in the heart we tested the performance of S100A1 as a diagnostic indicator of acute myocardial damage. Therefore, we established a S100A1-specific sandwich ELISA and determined the S100A1 plasma levels in patients with signs of acute myocardial ischemia. The concentration-time course of S100A1 was distinct from that of the "classical" biochemical markers, CK, CKMB, and troponin I, showing an early rise and a fast decline in plasma after the ischemic event. We suggest that S100A1 should be included in combinatorial measurements as an early diagnostic marker for ischemic coronary diseases.