PubMed · 9781713
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H Kan, M S Finkel, L A Johnson. 1998. Fighting fire with fire.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199810000-00006
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal circadian pacemaker of the mammalian circadian timing system. The SCN is composed of two anatomically and functionally distinct subdivisions, designated core and shell, which can be distinguished on the basis of their chemoarchitecture and connections in the rat. In the present study, we examine the intrinsic organization and the afferent and efferent connections of the mouse SCN using immunocytochemistry and ocular injections of cholera toxin. Neurons of the SCN shell contain GABA, calbindin (CALB), arginine vasopressin (AVP), angiotensin II (AII) and met-enkephalin (mENK), and receive input from galanin (GAL) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive fibers. Neurons of the SCN core synthesize GABA, CALB, VIP, calretinin (CALR), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), and neurotensin (NT), and receive input from the retina and from fibers that contain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). Fibers projecting from SCN neurons that are immunoreactive for AVP and VIP exhibit a characteristic morphology, and project to the lateral septum, a series of medial hypothalamic areas extending from the preoptic to the posterior hypothalamic area and to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. The organization of the mouse SCN, and its connections, are similar to that in other mammalian species.
Heterodimeric class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been shown to be involved in the stimulation of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels by various mediators. In this study, we bring evidences that vascular L-type Ca(2+) channels can be modulated by both tyrosine kinase-regulated class Ia and G protein-regulated class Ib PI3Ks. Purified recombinant PI3Ks increased the peak Ca(2+) channel current density when applied intracellularly. Furthermore, PI3Kalpha-, beta-, and delta-mediated stimulations of Ca(2+) channel currents were increased by preactivation by a phosphotyrosyl peptide, whereas PI3Kgamma- and beta-mediated effects were increased by Gbetagamma. In freshly isolated and cultured vascular myocytes, angiotensin II and Gbetagamma stimulated L-type Ca(2+) channel current. In contrast, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB and the phosphotyrosyl peptide did not stimulate Ca(2+) channel current in freshly isolated cells despite the presence of endogenous PDGF receptors and PI3Kalpha and PI3Kgamma. Interestingly, when endogenous PI3Kbeta expression arose in cultured myocytes, both PDGF and phosphotyrosyl peptide stimulated Ca(2+) channels through PI3Kbeta, as revealed by the inhibitory effect of an anti-PI3Kbeta antibody. These results suggest that endogenous PI3Kbeta but not PI3Kalpha is specifically involved in PDGF receptor-induced stimulation of Ca(2+) channels and that different isoforms of PI3K regulate physiological increases of Ca(2+) influx in vascular myocytes stimulated by vasoconstrictor or growth factor.
We recently reported that angiotensin II (Ang II) induced IL-6 mRNA expression in cardiac fibroblasts, which played an important role in Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy in paracrine fashion. The present study investigated the regulatory mechanism of Ang II-induced IL-6 gene expression, focusing especially on reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling in cardiac fibroblasts. Ang II increased intracellular ROS in cardiac fibroblasts, and the increase was completely inhibited by the AT-1 blocker candesartan and the NADH/NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI). We first confirmed that antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, superoxide scavenger Tiron, and DPI suppressed Ang II-induced IL-6 expression. Because we observed that exogenous H(2)O(2) also increased IL-6 mRNA, the signaling pathways downstream of Ang II and exogenous H(2)O(2) were compared. Ang II, as well as exogenous H(2)O(2), activated ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK, which were significantly inhibited by N-acetylcysteine and DPI. In contrast with exogenous H(2)O(2), however, Ang II did not influence phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha/beta or nuclear translocation of p65, nor did it increase NF-kappaB promoter activity. PD98059 and SB203580 inhibited Ang II-induced IL-6 expression. Truncation and mutational analysis of the IL-6 gene promoter showed that CRE was an important cis-element in Ang II-induced IL-6 gene expression. NF-kappaB-binding site was important for the basal expression of IL-6, but was not activated by Ang II. Ang II phosphorylated CREB through the ERK and p38 MAPK pathway in a ROS-sensitive manner. Collectively, these data indicated that Ang II stimulated ROS production via the AT1 receptor and NADH/NADPH oxidase, and that these ROS mediated activation of MAPKs, which culminated in IL-6 gene expression through a CRE-dependent, but not NF-kappaB-dependent, pathway in cardiac fibroblasts.