PubMed · 9867556
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D A Stempel. 1998-12-10. Exercise-induced asthma.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9867556/
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The simulation of a microbial transformation course is an important tool for the optimal design or characterization of industrial processes. Usually, models are developed to describe a specific part of the culture such as microbial growth and most of the time ignore the influence of physical and chemical environment on growth dynamics of the microorganism. In this work we propose a method which combines the description of the evolution of components involved in the bioprocess including biomass and the physical environment generated mainly by the bioreactor characteristics and operational conditions. Stoichiometric, kinetic, fluid dynamics and mass transfer models are linked to predict the course of the Escherichia coli culture under the influence of different experimental conditions and types of bioreactors. A set of 22 kinetic and physical parameters obtained from independent experiments and from literature are used in order to predict glucose, biomass, acetate, dissolved oxygen and CO(2) concentrations in airlift and stirred tank bioreactors.
Ralstonia eutropha grows on and produces polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from fermentation acids. Acetic acid, one major organic acid from acidogenesis of organic wastes, has an inhibitory effect on the bacterium at slightly alkaline pH (6 g HAc/L at pH 8). The tolerance of R. eutropha to acetate, however, was increased significantly up to 15 g/L at the slightly alkaline pH level with high cell mass concentration. A metabolic cell model with five fluxes is proposed to depict the detoxification mechanism including mass transfer and acetyl-CoA formation of acetic acid and the formation of three final metabolic products, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), active biomass, and CO(2). The fluxes were measured under different conditions such as cell mass concentration, acetic acid concentration, and medium composition. The experimental results indicate that the acetate detoxification by high cell mass concentration is attributed to the increased fluxes at high extracellular acetate concentrations. The fluxes could be doubled to reduce and hence detoxify the accumulated intracellular acetate anions.
In native apomyoglobin, His-24 cannot be protonated, although at pH 4 the native protein forms a molten globule folding intermediate in which the histidine residues are readily protonated. The inability to protonate His-24 in the native protein dramatically affects the unfolding/refolding kinetics, as demonstrated by simulations for a simple model. Kinetic data for wild type and for a mutant lacking His-24 are analyzed. The pK(a) values of histidine residues in native apomyoglobin are known from earlier studies, and the average histidine pK(a) in the molten globule is determined from the pH dependence of the equilibrium between the native and molten globule forms. Analysis of the pH-dependent unfolding/refolding kinetics reveals that the average pK(a) of the histidine residues, including His-24, is closely similar in the folding transition state to the value found in the molten globule intermediate. Consequently, protonation of His-24 is not a barrier to refolding of the molten globule to the native protein. Instead, the normal pK(a) of His-24 in the transition state, coupled with its inaccessibility in the native state, promotes fast unfolding at low pH. The analysis of the wild-type results is confirmed and extended by using the wild-type parameters to fit the unfolding kinetics of a mutant lacking His-24.