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PubMed1976

[Excision of the ciliary-body in cases of secondary closed-angle glaucoma (author's transl)].

Six cases are reported, in which an excision of the ciliary-body has been performed: 5 cases with secondary closed-angle glaucoma, and one case with secondary open-angle glaucoma. All eyes were aphakic, and in all cases other surgical interventions preceded. The ciliary-body excision is the easiest exactly doseable procedure, compared with other procedures regarding the ciliary-body. Usually excision of the ciliary-body represents the last choice to offer, however in selected cases it might be the method of choice. In this aspect our results are encouraging. The technical details of this procedure are described.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Mesectodermal leiomyosarcoma of the ciliary body.

We report a case of low-grade mesectodermal leiomyosarcoma of the ciliary body, an extremely rare tumor of neural crest origin, occurring in a 12-year-old boy. MR imaging showed a well-marginated, ovoid soft tissue mass at the right temporal ciliary body, accompanied by total retinal detachment. The mass was slightly hyperintense relative to contralateral vitreous on T1-weighted images and markedly hypointense on T2-weighted images and enhanced very well. Initial biopsy of the mass suggested a peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The mass grew rapidly after biopsy, and enucleation was performed. The final diagnosis based on histology and immunohistochemistry was a low-grade mesectodermal leiomyosarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a malignant form of mesectodermal leiomyoma of the ciliary body.

Child↗

PubMed1989

[Ciliary body changes associate with aldose reductase in galactosemic rats].

Morphological changes of the ciliary body epithelium in rats fed a 50% galactose diet for 10 months with or without aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) were investigated by both light microscopic observation and measurement of cell size. Aldose reductase was immunohistochemically observed to be present in non-pigmented epithelial cells of ciliary body and structural change (hypertrophy) was observed only in non-pigmented epithelial cells of galactosemic rats. In contrast, no hypertrophic changes were seen in rats fed with ARI. These results strongly suggest that aldose reductase is associated with hypertrophic change of non-pigmented epithelial cells of the ciliary body.

Aldehyde Reductase↗

PubMed1991

Production of latent transforming growth factor-beta and other inhibitory factors by cultured murine iris and ciliary body cells.

Aqueous humor contains transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and other inhibitory factors for cellular proliferation. In the present study we investigated the possibility that these factors are produced locally by cells found within the iris and ciliary body. Iris and ciliary body (I/CB) cells or whole tissue explants from C57BL/6 mice produced soluble factors which inhibited both murine thymocyte and mink lung epithelial cell proliferation. Indomethacin partially blocked inhibition of thymocyte proliferation, but did not affect inhibition of Mv1 Lu proliferation. The inhibitory activity of culture supernatants was not blocked by neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2. However, following acid activation of culture supernatants from both I/CB and corneal tissue, increased inhibitory activity consistent with activation of latent TGB-beta was detected. Antibody neutralization experiments demonstrated that this increase in activity was due primarily to TGF-beta 2 for I/CB tissue. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of cDNA generated from I/CB tissue mRNA showed prominent fragments representing both TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 mRNA. Corneal tissue, however, showed a prominent fragment for TGF-beta 1 mRNA, but either no band or a barely detectable fragment for TGF-beta 2 mRNA. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether TGF-beta 2 mRNA is produced by the cornea in this strain. Overall, these results demonstrated that three distinct categories of substances inhibitory to proliferation may be locally produced by resident iris and ciliary body cells: 1) indomethacin sensitive products, 2) TGF-beta 2 in latent form, and 3) factors not blocked by indomethacin or anti-TGF-beta neutralizing antibodies. Products generated by these tissues may have important regulatory properties in the development of immune responses to antigens introduced into the anterior chamber.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Small ciliary body tumors: ultrasound biomicroscopic assessment and follow-up of 42 patients.

PURPOSE: Detecting and following small tumors of the ciliary body is a particular challenge because of their location. Recently high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been used to assist in this task. The aim of this study was to evaluate this subset of small ciliary body tumors through the use of UBM. DESIGN: Retrospective, noncomparative case series. METHODS: Forty-two patients with small ciliary body tumors (less than 4 mm) from our institution were included in the study with a median follow-up of 4.3 years. UBM was used to assess tumor characteristics including height, location, and internal and external features. The data were collected longitudinally, and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Median initial tumor height was 2.05 mm (range 1.1 to 3.8 mm) as measured by UBM. By 5 years after diagnosis, five tumors (12%) exhibited growth. The overall mean growth rate was 0.026 mm per year (P = .00007). The most rapid period of growth was in the first year after diagnosis (growth rate 0.128 mm per year), after which the mean tumor size appeared to stabilize. CONCLUSIONS: UBM is a valuable tool for detecting and following small ciliary body tumors (less than 4 mm), as these lesions may go undetected by other methods. Despite the potential for local extension into the iris or choroid, few of the tumors in this study exhibited growth, suggesting that many of these tumors can be managed conservatively. UBM can be used to assess various internal tumor features; however, arriving at a specific diagnosis without histologic correlation is difficult.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Malignant epithelioma of the ciliary body.

A rare case of malignant epithelioma of the ciliary body (verified histologically) is described. Some difficulties of clinical diagnosis are mentioned as well as the general properties of this kind of tumor, which mostly requires an anatomical investigation for recognition. As a special feature of this kind of tumor the precocious consecutive cataract is mentioned; this arises in cases of melanomas of the ciliary body considerably later in the course of malignant growth.

Ciliary Body↗

PubMed2000

Effect of isoprostanes on sympathetic neurotransmission in the human isolated iris-ciliary body.

Isoprostanes (IsoP's) are prostaglandin-like compounds that are derived from free-radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid independent of the cyclcooxygenase enzyme. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IsoP's on norepinephrine (NE) release from human isolated iris-ciliary bodies. Isolated human iris-ciliary bodies were prepared for studies of [3H]NE release using the superfusion method. Both 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (F2-IsoP) and the thromboxane (Tx) receptor agonist, U46619 enhanced field-stimulated [3H]NE release from isolated, superfused human iris-ciliary bodies without affecting basal tritium efflux. On the other hand, an equimolar concentration (10 microM) of 8-iso-prostaglandin E2 (E2-IsoP) inhibited evoked [3H]NE overflow. The Tx-receptor antagonist, SQ 29548 blocked the enhancements of electrically-evoked [3H]NE release induced by F2-IsoP and U46619. However, the inhibitory responses elicited by E2-IsoP was not antagonized by SQ 29548. We conclude that IsoP's can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects on sympathetic neurotransmission in human isolated iris-ciliary bodies. The stimulatory effects of IsoP's on NE release may be mediated by Tx-receptors.

15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5↗

PubMed2002

Management of medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body with brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: To report a case of an adult with a ciliary body mass diagnosed as a medulloepithelioma by fine-needle aspiration, confirmed by tissue biopsy, and successfully treated with brachytherapy. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 23-year-old white woman presented with a large mass originating in the ciliary body of the left eye. The mass, which measured 6 x 5 x 7.6 mm, was at the upper limits for resection. Treatment with iodine-125 brachytherapy (4,648 cGy) was employed to debulk the mass before eyewall resection. RESULTS: The elevation of the mass by ultrasonography 5 months after brachytherapy was 3.9 mm with no evidence of growth during the 18-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: We report a case in which a ciliary body medulloepithelioma treated with brachytherapy had a favorable response through 18 months of follow-up after treatment. This is a single case report, and longer follow-up is necessary before treatment efficacy can be fully evaluated.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Ciliary body temperatures during cyclocryotherapy in the clinically normal dog.

Three cryosurgical units were compared on the basis of the ability of each unit to freeze the ciliary body of enucleated normal canine eyes. The coldest average temperatures reached were -13.4 C, -4.3 C, and -17.6 C. One of the units was then used to freeze the ciliary body in the left eye of 25 dogs for 5 minutes. Ciliary body temperatures were monitored every 15 s during cyclocryosurgery. In 18 eyes in situ, the coldest average temperature reached was -13.4 C. In 7 proptosed globes, the coldest average temperature reached was -13.8 C. The results were not significantly different (P less than 0.05). The effects of the cryosurgery and centesis procedure were monitored daily by direct observation and Schiotz's tonometry. Histologic changes from the procedure were evaluated at 5 minutes, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months after surgery. Intraocular pressure returned to the normal range within 1 to 2 weeks, the anterior uveitis subsided in 7 to 10 days, and ciliary body epithelium was histologically normal within 6 months after surgery.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Comparative adrenocholinergic control of intracellular Ca2+ in the layers of the ciliary body epithelium.

PURPOSE: Both nonpigmented epithelia (NPE) and pigmented epithelia (PE) of the ciliary body are thought to participate in the formation of aqueous humor and its pharmacologic regulation. The aim of this study was to identify the similarities and differences in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) changes in each of the two layers in response to adrenergic and cholinergic inputs. METHODS: Incubation of the Dutch belted rabbit ciliary body (CB) in low-[Ca2+] solution was used to induce the functional dissociation of the NPE and PE layers from each other. These layers or the intact undissociated CB were loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and mounted in superfusion chambers for fluorometric measurement of [Ca2+]i. RESULTS: In the NPE of the intact CB epithelium or in the isolated NPE, 10 microM acetylcholine (ACh), 1 microM brimonidine (UK 14304), or 1 microM epinephrine each elicited minimal rises in [Ca2+]i. On the other hand, the combination of either adrenergic drug with ACh resulted in large mobilizations of this cation. The alpha 1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was unable to induce Ca2+ mobilization in the isolated NPE and failed to do so in 10 of 12 intact CB specimens. In the isolated PE, both epinephrine and phenylephrine elicited substantial similar [Ca2+]i increases, ACh induced a smaller and slower rise, and the response to its combination with either adrenergic drug was essentially additive. UK 14304 (+/- ACh) had no measurable effect in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: Each layer of the CBE exhibits distinct alpha-adrenergic control mechanisms. The NPE contains an alpha 2-adrenergic mechanism highly dependent on the cholinergic tone. The PE, in contrast, contains an alpha 1-adrenergic pathway that operates independently of cholinergic input. This segregation of mechanisms provides a basis for highly complex regulatory responses in the intact, syncytially organized ciliary body epithelium.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMed1996

Ciliary body enlargement and cyst formation in uveitis.

BACKGROUND: Acute anterior uveitis has diverse causes and systemic associations. Inflammation is predominantly localised to the iris and pars plicata. Little is known about the in vivo effects of uveitis on ciliary body anatomy. METHODS: Bilateral, high frequency, high resolution, ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed on consecutive patients with unilateral anterior uveitis to evaluate ciliary body anatomy. Imaging was repeated when possible during the clinical course. The cross sectional area of the anterior ciliary body was measured using image processing and analysis software. Measurements from the uveitic eyes were compared with the fellow eyes and the effect of treatment was evaluated. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were enrolled. Ultrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated a larger ciliary body cross sectional area in the uveitic eyes compared with the fellow, clinically uninvolved eyes (2.45 (SD 0.48) mm2 versus 1.55 (SD 0.15) mm2, (p = 0.0000; paired t test)). A ciliochoroidal effusion was present in one uveitic eye. Epithelial cysts were imaged bilaterally in four uveitic patients (29%) and unilaterally in unaffected eyes of two uveitic patients. Ciliary body cross sectional area decreased following steroid therapy (p = 0.0001; paired t test). New cysts were noted in three uveitic eyes during the follow up period and in none of the fellow, unaffected eyes. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound biomicroscopy offers a new approach to the evaluation of anterior uveitis. The response to treatment can be evaluated objectively and therapeutic efficacy can be more easily assessed. It has the potential to help elucidate the pathophysiology and anatomical changes of this heterogeneous group of disorders.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Angioleiomyoma of the ciliary body: a case report.

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of angioleiomyoma of the ciliary body METHODS: The clinical manifestation, imaging findings, histopathologic characteristics were analyzed in a 32-year-old male patient with angioleiomyoma of the ciliary body. RESULTS: The tumor was removed intact with local resection. Histopathologic examination revealed that the tumor was full of vessels and it was composed of spindle cells with abundant cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive for SMA and Desmin and negative for S100 and HMB-45. CONCLUSIONS: Angioleiomyoma of the ciliary body is a rare tumor that can be successfully treated with local surgical resection in this area. It needs to be differentiated from other tumors, especially malignant melanoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Hemangiopericytoma of the ciliary body.

A 60-year-old woman had a ciliary body tumor that resembled an amelanotic malignant melanoma by clinical examination. The magnetic resonance imaging scan correlated with the clinical diagnosis. Because of apparent rapid growth, her eye was enucleated. However, histopathologic examination revealed a highly vascularized, spindle-cell tumor harboring immunoreactive actin and vimentin. Electron microscopy further supported the diagnosis of hemangiopericytoma with smooth-muscle differentiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a hemangiopericytoma of the ciliary body.

Ciliary Body↗

PubMed1997

[Ring recurrence of ciliary body melanoma after proton-beam therapy].

A malignant ciliary body melanoma was treated by proton-beam irradiation. Ring-shaped recurrence with extraocular extension appeared thirty-six months later and required enucleation. Histologic study revealed a predominant epithelioid cell type tumor, flattened in previously treated area. Proton-beam irradiation efficiency depends on clinical evaluation, which remains questioned in ciliary body locations where circumferential extension could be misevaluated.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

[Local resection of ciliary body tumors with vitreoretinal surgery].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects, safety and indication of local resection of ciliary body tumors with vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS: Twelve patients with ciliary body tumors, including 5 males and 7 females with the age range 13 - 48 years (average 32 years) were treated with local resection. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and ultrasonography confirmed the tumors, and the surgery was performed under hypotensive general anesthesia or local anesthesia. The range of the diameters of tumors was 5 - 20 mm and of the thickness was 4 - 12 mm. Retinal detachment was detected in 2 eyes. Local lamellar sclerocyclectomy or sclerocyclochoroidectomy with vitreoretinal surgery was performed for the resection. The surgery included lensectomy and vitrectomy using perfluorocarbon liquid, endolaser and gases or silicone oil tamponade and also scleral allograft if necessary. The resected tumors were diagnosed by pathologic examinations. RESULTS: There were no tumor recurrence and metastasis during follow-up 7 - 38 months (average 14.2 months). In the last follow-up date, the visual acuities were less than 0.05 in 1 case, 0.05 - 0.2 in 3 cases and 0.3 - 1.0 in 8 cases. The pathologic diagnoses included malignant melanoma in 5 cases, melanocytoma in 2 cases, adenoma of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium in 3 cases, neurofibroma in 1 case and glioma in 1 case. CONCLUSION: Local resection of ciliary tumor not only can conserve the eyeball, but also part of vision, and the accurate diagnosis can also be made from the resected tissues. With vitreoretinal surgery, it can avoid complications and improve the success rate. It is a safe and effective method for benign or malignant tumors of the ciliary body.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Identification of A and B forms of monoamine oxidase in the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits.

The properties of monoamine oxidase activity in homogenates of the iris-ciliary body, superior cervical ganglion, and pineal gland of albino rabbits have been studied. Inhibition curves using specific inhibitors support the concept of A and B enzyme forms, with the following ratios of A/B activity: iris-ciliary body, 40/60; superior cervical ganglion, 90/10; pineal gland, 13/87. Experiments on enzymes from animals with superior cervical ganglionectomy indicate that both A and B forms in the iris-ciliary body have a predominantly extraneuronal location. No significant differences in activity were observed between iris-ciliary body preparations from normal and denervated animals with substrates specific for A or B forms, or with substrates deaminated by both A and B forms. With tryptamine as substrate the iris enzyme can be inhibited by a variety of common monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Topical application of the inhibitor pargyline lowers intraocular pressure in the normal rabbit eye but not in the sympathetically denervated eye. This observation and in vitro data suggest that the mechanism of action of pargyline is through the adrenergic system and not dependent upon intrinsic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Application of ultrasound microscope for the reattachment surgery of detachment of ciliary body].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the advantages of ultrasound biomicroscope (UBM) used for the reattachment surgery of traumatic ciliary body detachment. METHODS: 33 cases diagnosed by UBM as ciliary body detachment were studied. The surgical results of these cases were analyzed and compared with that of 83 cases which were simply diagnosed by a gonioscope. RESULTS: 31 of the 33 cases regained the normal intraocular pressure (IOP) after once of operation (94%), and all cases achieved successful results after twice of operation (100%). Of the 83 cases examined only by gonioscopy, the rates of reaching normal IOP after the 1(st), 2(nd) and 3(rd) operations were 82%, 94% and 96% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the UBM be useful for the tiny and narrow detachment of ciliary body which can not be seen by a gonioscope. UBM has important clinical value in diagnosis, guide to the range of suture and follow-up observation. With the use of UBM, the frequency of operation necessary for surgical success and blindness in action in the operation will be reduced, and the successful rate of once of operation will be increased significantly.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

7diffuse melanotic lesion of the iris as a presenting feature of ciliary body melanocytoma: report of a case and review of the literature.

Melanocytoma of the ciliary body is quite rare. Although the tumor is benign, it can spread to the surrounding structures, causing glaucoma and giving an erroneous impression of melanoma. We report a case of melanocytoma of the ciliary body in a 19-year-old woman who presented with diffuse melanocytic proliferation of the iris with uncontrolled secondary glaucoma and a subconjunctival pigmented mass. Fine-needle aspiration of the iris lesion and a histopathologic study of the subconjunctival mass could not rule out melanoma. Enucleation of the painful glaucomatous eye showed evidence of ciliary body melanocytoma with extension into the angle structures as well as the subconjunctival tissue.

Adult↗