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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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PubMed1977

Basic rest activity cycle and stereotyped behavior of a mentally defective child.

Stereotyped acts of a mentally defective girl, 6 1/2 years old, were observed from 6 a.m. til 8 p.m. during 16 days. Alternating phases of more or less frequent hand waving showed intervals of about 1 1/2 hours. Sleep stages were also determined by polygraphic recordings during 10 nights. As statistically proved the mean peak-to-peak interval of stereotyped activity at days corresponded with the mean REM-to-REM period of consecutive nights. This suggests, that the stereotyped hand waving of this child was driven by the BASIC REST ACTIVITY CYCLE (BRAC) already described by Kleitman. The mean periodicity of sleep cycles was represented by model rhythms adapted to the scored sleep stages. If the model rhythms of all 10 nights were extended backward to the preceding days, they paralleled the stereotyped activity. Thereby half periods found in phase with REM-stages approximatly corresponded to maxima of stereotyped activity. It will be discussed that the BRAC triggers motor and sensory mechanisms characterizing both the phases of enhanced stereotyped activity at day and REM stages at night.

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1995

The effects of advance notice of activity transitions on stereotypic behavior.

Using an A-B-A-B design, two procedures for requesting a change of activity were compared for their effect on the stereotypic behavior of a man with autism. One procedure requested immediate change of activities, whereas the second procedure gave advance notice of a change. Less stereotypy occurred when advance notice of change was given.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of direct observational methods for measuring stereotypic behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders.

We compared partial-interval recording (PIR) and momentary time sampling (MTS) estimates against continuous measures of the actual durations of stereotypic behavior in young children with autism or pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified. Twenty-two videotaped samples of stereotypy were scored using a low-tech duration recording method, and relative durations (i.e., proportions of observation periods consumed by stereotypy) were calculated. Then 10, 20, and 30s MTS and 10s PIR estimates of relative durations were derived from the raw duration data. Across all samples, PIR was found to grossly overestimate the relative duration of stereotypy. Momentary time sampling both over- and under-estimated the relative duration of stereotypy, but with much smaller errors than PIR (Experiment 1). These results were replicated across 27 samples of low, moderate and high levels of stereotypy (Experiment 2).

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1979

[Pathogenesis of stereotyped behavior].

The paper concerns the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour in rats induced by disturbance of inhibition in both caudate nuclei under influence of tetanus toxin, penicillin, and pirotoxin injected in these nuclei. Stereotyped behaviour could be inhibited by administration of GABA into the same brain area, as well as by a systemic administration of haloperidol, diazepam, aminalon, and lithium chloride. The conclusion is made that the disturbance of GABA-egric control in the caudate nucleus is a significant pathogenetic condition of the hyperactive neostriar dofaminergic apparatus, appearing due to disinhibition. Both links compose the pathogenetic basis of the syndrome of stereotyped behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Flurazepam effects on methylphenidate-induced stereotyped behavior.

The effects of flurazepam (0.0, 0.5, and 3.0 mg/kg) on methylphenidate-induced increases in stereotypy, gnawing, sniffing, and locomotion were evaluated in Swiss-Webster mice in daytime and nighttime experiments. Methylphenidate (50 mg/kg) increased overall stereotypy and stereotyped gnawing behavior; two doses of methylphenidate (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) increased locomotion and sniffing behavior. Flurazepam 3.0 mg/kg augmented methylphenidate-induced stereotyped gnawing behavior and stereotypy. Flurazepam significantly decreased locomotion and sniffing, but did not interact with methylphenidate's effects on locomotion and sniffing.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Stereotypic behavior of a female Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus) in a zoo.

This study recorded daytime behavior of a female Asiatic elephant at the Municipal Zoo, Wroclaw, Poland, in both an indoor pen and an outdoor paddock as continuous scan sampling for 140 hr, over 35 days in 1 year. Stereotypic sequences involved bouts of highly repetitive stereotypic movements and much more variable interbout behavior. The study found both stereotypic movements, nodding and body (corpus) swaying, were asymmetric, accompanied by protraction of the right hind leg and to-and-fro swinging of the trunk. The elephant spent 52% of the daytime in stereotypic movements, 3.5 times the level reported for females in other zoos' groups. The share of time devoted to stereotypic behavior was lowest in the summer when the elephant was regularly released to the paddock and highest in the late fall after she had stayed in the pen after months of days outside. This suggests that changes in the management routine enhance stereotypies. Comparing the summer and winter stable management periods, stereotypies were much more frequent in the indoor pen than the outdoor paddock, suggesting that the confinement to a barren pen contributed to the observed levels of stereotypies.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2000

Analyzing the multiple functions of stereotypical behavior for students with autism: implications for assessment and treatment.

We studied behavioral functions associated with stereotypical responses for students with autism. In Study 1, analogue functional analyses (attention, demand, no-attention, and recreation conditions) were conducted for 5 students. Results suggested that stereotypy was multiply determined or occurred across all assessment conditions. For 2 students, stereotypy was associated with positive and negative reinforcement and the absence of environmental stimulation. For 2 other students, stereotypy occurred at high levels across all experimental conditions. For the 5th student, stereotypy was associated with negative reinforcement and the absence of environmental stimulation. In Study 2, the stereotypy of 1 student was further analyzed on a function-by-function basis. Within a concurrent-schedules procedure, alternative responses were taught to the student using functional communication training. The results of Study 2 showed that similar topographies of stereotypy, based on qualitatively different reinforcers, were reduced only when differential reinforcement contingencies for alternative forms of communication were implemented for specific response-reinforcer relations. Our results suggest that the causes of stereotypy for students with autism are complex and that the presumed association between response topography and behavioral function may be less important than previously realized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Investigation into the use of narcotic antagonists in the treatment of a stereotypic behavior pattern (crib-biting) in the horse.

Crib-biting in horses is a repetitive behavior pattern which may involve the activation of both narcotic receptors and dopamine receptors in the CNS. Crib-biting frequency, determined in 7 nontreated horses under controlled conditions, was usually linear for many hours and ranged from 0.3 to 14.9 bites/min. Intravenous or IM injections of narcotic antagonists decreased these rates to almost zero by about 20 minutes after the injection was given. The duration of the response to a single injection ranged from 20 minutes for naloxone to 4 hours or more for nalmefene and diprenorphine. Effective doses were 0.02 to 0.04 mg of naloxone/kg, 0.04 mg of naltrexone/kg, 0.08 mg of nalmefene/kg, and 0.02 to 0.03 mg of diprenorphine/kg. Crib-biting could be prevented completely for up to a week by continuous infusion of 5 to 10 mg of nalmefene/hr. Crib-biting resumed when the infusion was discontinued, and plasma nalmefene concentrations decreased to below 5 ng/ml. Doses of nalmefene as large as 0.4 mg/kg, IV, produced only minor side effects. These side effects included some passage of semifluid fecal material, intermittent penile relaxation, and mild sedation. Treated horses responded normally to external stimuli, retained their appetites, and performed appropriately when ridden. Sedation wore off during the course of prolonged infusions. Narcotic antagonists may provide a novel and effective treatment of stereotypic behavior disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Normal repetitive and abnormal stereotyped behavior of nonretarded infants and young mentally retarded children.

The topographical similarities and differences between repetitive behaviors exhibited by 12 nonretarded infants and 11 severely mentally retarded children were examined. An analysis of stereotyped body-rocking and hand-gazing behavior exhibited by both groups demonstrated topographical differences. The results and methodology of this study may be of value to future investigators examining the ontogenesis of stereotyped behavior and may assist in the early identification and amelioration of these pathological behaviors.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for a cerebellar role in reduced exploration and stereotyped behavior in autism.

BACKGROUND: Although limited environmental exploration in autism is an obvious behavioral feature and may be a manifestation of "restricted interests" as described in DSM-IV criteria, there have been no behavioral or neurobiological studies of this important aspect of the disorder. Given consistent reports of cerebellar abnormality in autism, combined with animal research showing a relationship between exploration and the cerebellum, this study aimed to test the possible link between cerebellar abnormality and exploration in autism. METHODS: The relationship between visuospatial exploration, stereotyped motor movements, and magnetic resonance imaging measures of the cerebellar vermis, whole brain volume, and frontal lobes in 14 autistic and 14 normal children was investigated. Children were exposed to a large room with several exploration containers and instructed to play. Exploration behavior was videotaped and scored for percentage of time engaged in exploration, number of containers explored, as well as stereotyped movements. RESULTS: Children with autism spent significantly less time in active exploration and explored fewer containers overall than normal children. Measures of decreased exploration were significantly correlated with the magnitude of cerebellar hypoplasia of vermal lobules VI-VII in the autistic children, but no relationship to vermis size was found with normal control children. Further, measures of rates of stereotyped behavior were significantly negatively correlated with area measures of cerebellar vermis lobules VI-VII and positively correlated with frontal lobe volume in the autism sample. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced environmental exploration and repetitive behavior may have particularly important developmental consequences for children with autism because it may lead them to miss learning opportunities that fall outside their scope of interest. Our findings represent the first documented link between the restricted range of interests and stereotyped behaviors pathognomonic of autism and particular neuroanatomic sites.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1987

A neurobiological alternative to the perceptual reinforcement hypothesis of stereotyped behavior: a commentary on "Self-stimulatory behavior and perceptual reinforcement".

A perceptual reinforcement theory of stereotyped movements is advanced by Lovaas, Newsom, and Hickman (1987) in an effort to integrate a number of diverse observations about the origins and maintenance of this behavior. We, in turn, argue that the theory, as presented, is logically flawed and fails to take into account important biological findings and theory concerning pathological stereotyped acts. An alternative theory, derived primarily from neurological concepts, is briefly described.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Participation of the globus pallidus in the organization of stereotyped behavior in the cat].

Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus of cats produces a stereotype behaviour like that following the injection of high doses of d,1-amphetamine. This drug enhances pallidal response. On the other hand, pallidal stimulation facilitates formation of amphetamine-induced stereotypy which weakens after bilateral destruction of the globus pallidus. Neuroleptic haloperidol in very low doses abolishes pallidal as well as amphetamine-induced stereotypy. As supposed pallidal stereotypy may be connected with the disturbance of nigro-strio-pallidal relations.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1991

Stereotypic behavior, adrenocortical function, and open field behavior of individually confined gestating sows.

The adrenocortical response and open field behavior of a random sample of 37 individually confined gestating sows in different parities were tested around day 85 of pregnancy. The sows were classified as stereotyped [S] and nonstereotyped [N] based on 8-h individual behavioral observations during daytime. Behavioral analysis from time-lapse video recordings included percentage of time spent standing and sitting, as well as the duration spent performing elements of stereotyped actions. Blood samples were drawn for cortisol analysis by suborbital sinus puncture before and after adrenocortical stimulation with 200 IU ACTH. Locomotor activity in an open field, isolated visually and auditorily from other sows, was also studied. Seventeen sows exhibited stereotyped behavior for 54.9 +/- 4.8% of the 8-h observation period during daytime. The total time the sows spent standing and sitting was positively correlated with age and was significantly higher for [S] sows than for [N] sows. Sows in the [S] group exhibited a higher adrenocortical response to ACTH stimulation than [N] sows. Mean locomotor scores in the open field were higher for [S] than for [N] sows but these did not correlate with the physical activity and adrenocortical function in the home crate. Our results provide no evidence that the performance of stereotypies constitutes a mechanism that helps sows to cope in an environment of low complexity.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed2006

Acute intranigral homocysteine administration produces stereotypic behavioral changes and striatal dopamine depletion in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Homocysteine has been considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and patients with hyperhomocystinemia exhibit neurological and psychological abnormalities. Elevated level of this molecule in the blood of Parkinson's disease patients receiving long-term l-DOPA therapy prompted us to investigate whether homocysteine is neurotoxic to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals infused unilaterally with different doses of homocysteine (0.25-1 micromol in 1 microl) intranigrally exhibited significant and dose-dependent decrease in dopamine levels in the ipsilateral striatum as assayed employing an HPLC coupled with electrochemical detector, 19 days post-infusion. While 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level in the striatum showed a dose-dependent decrease, homovanillic acid was found to be inhibited only for the highest dose. Amphetamine administration in these animals on the 14th day caused stereotypic turning behavior ipsilateral to the side of infusion. Apomorphine challenge on the 16th day elicited stereotypic contralateral circling behavior. Neurotransmitter levels in the serotonergic perikarya or terminals were unaltered 19 days following intraraphe infusion of homocysteine, which suggested the specificity of its action to dopaminergic neurons. These results indicate nigrostriatal lesions similar to that observed following intranigral infusion of the dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine and suggest its closeness to the parkinsonian animal model. Furthermore, these findings provide evidence for the neurotoxic nature of homocysteine to dopaminergic neurons and suggest that elevated level of this molecule in parkinsonian patients may be conducive to accelerate the progression of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Mandibulogram as a measure of stereotyped behavior in the rat.

A proposal of a device for continuous monitoring of the movements of the rat's mandible is outlined. Its utility in experimental psychopharmacology is suggested for monitoring of the effect of neuroleptics and antidepressants on oral stereotypies as induced by CNS stimulants.

Animals↗