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PubMed1999

Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate a scale for measurement of postoperative pain in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded, prospective study, with positive- and negative-control groups. ANIMALS: 36 dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and 12 dogs undergoing general anesthesia without surgery. PROCEDURE: A pain assessment scale was developed for dogs, which incorporated physiologic data (heart and respiratory rates) and behavioral responses (response to palpation, activity, mental status, posture, and vocalization). This pain scale was then applied to a study in which dogs were allocated to 2 groups, depending on the type of medication administered (acepromazine maleate only or acepromazine and butorphanol) before induction of general anesthesia. The 36 dogs that had ovariohysterectomy were allocated to 3 groups, members of which received butorphanol, carprofen, or no analgesic after surgery. Dogs were scored for signs of pain and videotaped at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours after surgery by an assessor who was blinded to the groups. Results were analyzed for significant differences in pain scores for single categories and total pain scores among groups. Video segments were scrambled and then scored by a second external assessor to test the repeatability of the results, using the pain assessment scale. RESULTS: Mean total pain scores were significantly different between the group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia only and each group of dogs that underwent general anesthesia and surgery. Pain scores for the analgesic-treatment groups reflected the known onset and duration of action of the analgesic used. Agreement between the internal and external assessors was excellent and indicated high precision between the 2 assessors for the population of dogs as a whole. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Behavioral and physiologic measurements can be used reliably to evaluate degree of pain in dogs during the postoperative period and their response to analgesics.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1992

Testing systems for assessment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.

To compare methods of measuring negative symptoms, eight rating scales were employed to retrospectively assess and subtype 187 patients with schizophrenia from the Chestnut Lodge Follow-up Study. These included Andreasen's Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome, Kay and Opler's Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, the scales developed by Krawiecka et al and Crow's modification of them, the Negative Symptom Scale developed by Lewine et al, Pogue-Geile and Harrow's Negative Symptom Scale, and Abrams and Taylor's Emotional Blunting Scale. The overlap and concordance, temporal stability, and predictive validity of these instruments are described. When rated from detailed medical records, the reliability of all scales was fair to good. Despite their inclusion of different items, there were high positive correlations between the scales when used to rate negative symptoms dimensionally. When used to classify individual patients as having the negative or deficit syndrome, however, concordance among criteria was low. Using the broadest criteria (Pogue-Geile and Harrow), 75 (40%) patients were diagnosed as having negative syndrome; the narrowest criteria (Andreasen and Olsen) yielded 11 (6%) diagnoses of negative syndrome. Narrower definitions tended to be subsets of broader ones. Carpenter's Criteria for the Deficit Syndrome focus on primary enduring negative symptoms and show the greatest temporal stability. Broader criteria, which diagnose the deficit or negative syndrome independent of severity of positive symptoms, had the greatest predictive validity.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Comparing acculturation scales and their relationship to cancer screening among older Mexican-American women.

BACKGROUND: Hispanic women in the United States are less likely to participate in breast and cervical cancer screening than women of other racial and ethnic groups. To plan appropriate interventions requires an understanding of the barriers to participation, including those of acculturation and assimilation. Few studies have examined the effects of acculturation and assimilation on the cancer-screening behavior of Mexican-American women. PURPOSE: Because of the extensive use of the Cuellar acculturation scale and the more recent use of the Hazuda scale, we explore the utility of these two measures to predict Pap smear and mammography screening. Using a population-based sample of Mexican-American women aged 40 years and older, we compare the two scales with each other and describe their relationship to sociodemographic factors and to participation in cancer screening. METHODS: The data are from baseline surveys in El Paso and Houston, Tex., conducted before the implementation of community interventions to improve Pap smear and mammography screening in low-income Mexican-American women. Study subjects were 923 randomly selected Mexican-American women aged 40 years and older living in 16 El Paso census tracts and seven Houston census tracts. Personal interviews solicited information on age, martial and employment status, household annual income and size, education, health insurance coverage, Pap smear and mammogram history, and a series of acculturation dimensions. Acculturation was measured using the abbreviated version of the Cuellar scale developed for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984, and the Hazuda scale developed for the San Antonio Heart Study. The eight-item Cuellar acculturation scale assessed the extent to which Spanish and English were spoken, preferred, read, and written; the ethnic identification of the respondent and her parents; and generational status in the United States. The Hazuda scale assessed the following dimensions of acculturation: adult proficiency in English, adult pattern of English versus Spanish language usage, value placed on preserving Mexican cultural origin, attitude toward traditional family structure and sex-role organization, and adult interaction with members of mainstream society. RESULTS: The Cuellar scale was highly correlated with Hazuda's two language dimension. The Hazuda scale dimensions, Mexican cultural values and traditional family attitudes, correlated the least with Cuellar's scale. All the acculturation dimensions, Cuellar's and Hazuda's, were strongly associated with education and health insurance coverage. With the use of multiple logistic regression to adjust for education, health insurance, and other variables, English proficiency was a predictor of both a recent Pap smear and a recent mammogram. No other language-based acculturation dimension was associated with a recent screening with adjustment for education, health insurance, and other variables. However, in controlling for these factors, we found that a woman's attitude toward traditional family structure was related inversely to mammogram screening. That is, women who held the strongest traditional Mexican family attitudes were more likely to participate in mammography screening. CONCLUSION: This study shows the importance of separating the effects of acculturation on cancer screening from those due to social and economic conditions. Results suggest that the Hazuda scale provides a more multidimensional approach than the Cuellar scale and is a superior measure of the acculturation process. Traditional Mexican family attitudes positively influence mammogram-screening behavior, and this finding has implications for cancer control interventions in this population.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1990

[Quality of life of middle aged persons who have cancer].

This descriptive study was under taken to explore relationships among the quality of life, health locus of control and perceived state of health persons with cancer to contribute theoretical understanding about these phenomenon of interest to the quality of nursing care. The subjects of this were 200 persons with cancer (100-in patients and 100-out patients), both male and female, between 30 and 59 years of age. Data were obtained using a convenience sample technique from two university hospitals in seoul from August, 1989, to June, 1990. The instruments used for this study were the Quality of life scale developed by Ro, You-Ja and the Health Locus of Control scale developed by Wallston & Wallston. Data were analyzed using a SAS program for ANOVA, t-test, Schefffé test, Pearson Correlation Coefficients and Stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The scores on the quality of life scale ranged from 95 to 191 with as mean of 147.85 (range 47 to 235). The Mean scores (range 1-5) on the different dimensions were family relationships 3.50, relationships with neighbours 3.48, self-esteem 3.17, physical state and function 2.99, economic life 2.93 and emotional life 2.91. 2. Significantly higher scores on the quality of life and demographic characteristics were as follows: the quality of life for women (t = 2.80, p = .006), for those without complications (t = 2.54, p = .013), and for those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 4.85, p = .009). Higher scores on quality of life were correlated with the following: 1) emotional state and the age group 50-59 (F = 3.43, p = .34). 2) economic life and higher income (F = 6.72, p = .002), those without complications (t = 2.68, p = .00), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 3.11, p = .05). 3) self-esteem and marriage (F = 3.64, p = .028), those without complications (t = 2.18, p = .03), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 7.72, p = .000). 4) physical state and function and the age group 30-39 (F = 4.65, p = .010), those without complications (t = 2.00, p = .05), and those who perceived their illness as mild (F = 3.38, p = .04). 5) family relationship and those who live with their spouse (t = 2.82, p = .005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The catatonia rating scale I--development, reliability, and use.

The study objective is to present reliability data on the Catatonia Rating Scale (CRS). The CRS is a 21-item clinician-administered rating scale. Items are individually defined and are scored from 0 (absent) to 4 (severe). A definition for each degree of severity is provided for each item. The diagnostic threshold for catatonia is 4 symptoms rated at least 2 (moderate). The CRS requires, at most, 45 minutes to administer. Reliability data were evaluated in a sample of 120 inpatients, 71 of whom were catatonic. Ratings were performed by 4 pairs of raters. Interrater reliability was high (Pearson correlation coefficient = .91 to .99, intraclass correlation coefficient = .94 to .99). Internal consistency was very good (Cronbach's alpha = .8890). Analysis of individual items showed that all were frequently endorsed and occurred across a wide range of severity. The CRS is a reliable rating scale for the diagnosis of catatonia. Advantages of the scale, areas of use, and clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Developing behaviorally anchored scales for rating dietitians' performance.

Behaviorally anchored rating scales were developed for dietitians, using a variant of the methodology of Smith and Kendall (3). Approximately thirty dietitians, representing administration, patient services, education, and community nutrition participated in the development. The job tenure of the participants ranged from one year to over twenty years. Seven dimensions were identified, and each was provided with a rating continuum containing eight or nine behavioral anchors. The dimensions and their definitions are listed, and one scale is presented.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to develop measures of perceived social support specific to health-related eating and exercise behaviors. In Study I, specific supportive and nonsupportive behaviors were identified through interviews with 40 individuals making health-behavior changes. In Study II, items derived from the interviews were administered to 171 subjects. Support from family and friends was assessed separately for both diet and exercise habits. Meaningful factors were identified for each of the four scales, and some factors were similar for family and friend scales. Both test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities were acceptable, and six factors can be used as subscales. Social support scales were correlated with respective self-reported dietary and exercise habits, providing evidence of concurrent criterion-related validity. A measure of general social support was not related to the specific social support scales or to reported health habits. These scales are among the first measures of social support behaviors specific to dietary- and exercise-habit change.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, Part I: Scale construction.

A valid, reliable, and age-appropriate instrument to measure adolescent responses to menarche was constructed. The Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire is a 5-point Likert scale (with six sub-scales) with versions for pre- and postmenarcheal girls. Scale development included (a) content validation, (b) testing (with 860 premenarcheal and 1,013 postmenarcheal girls), (c) discriminant analysis (to identify items unique to the pre- and postmenarcheal experience, (d) construct validity using principal component factor analysis, and (e) reliability analysis. Development of the scale revealed that on some dimensions, the attitudes of premenarcheal girls were qualitatively different from those of postmenarcheal girls. Thus, the final versions of the Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire consist of 58 items each, with 43 common items, 4 common items that load on different subscales, and 11 unique items. Reliabilities (r) are .91 and .90 for the pre- and postmenarcheal versions, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The relationship between maturity of Christian faith and anxiety of patients with cancer].

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the maturity of Christian faith and anxiety. Nurses are concerned with the spiritual dimension of clients' experience. The subjects of this study were patients with cancer in Y. University Hospital in Seoul. Subjects were selected who knew their diagnosis, were aged 20 or older and agreed to the interview. A total of 35 patients were interviewed from August 1 to September 15, 1988. The instruments used in this study were the maturity of Christian faith scale developed by H.S. Choi and modified by the investigator, and an anxiety scale developed by the investigator. Data were analyzed by statistical methods including Frequency, ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results included the following: Hypothesis, "That as the degree of maturity of Christian faith of the patients increases, the degree of state anxiety will decrease", was supported (gamma = -.8061, p less than .001). According to this study, maturity of Christian faith is significantly related to the reduction of anxiety of patients with cancer. In a holistic approach to their clients, nurses may have confidence that the maturity of Christian faith of their clients will contribute to the reduction of anxiety.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1996

New product development processes within the UK medical device industry.

This paper reports on the findings of an extensive survey investigating practising design engineers' perceptions of new product development within the UK medical device industry. The design activity recorded was predominantly the small-scale development of low volume products. Explicit formal procedures were rarely used in these small-scale developments of low volume products. Specific organizational and design process issues are identified by the respondents as key requirements for the success of the new product development process.

Commerce↗
PubMed1998

Development of scales to measure psychosocial care needs of children with seizures and their parents. 1.

There is little research and no self-report assessment instruments available to guide nurses in the provision of psychosocial care to children with seizures and their families. Information on the development of two instruments, Report of Psychosocial Care Scale and Child Report of Psycyhosocial Care Scale, and their use in a research study to measure psychosocial care of children with new-onset seizures and their parents are presented in three parts. This first article describes development and initial testing of their psychometric properties. The second article, Part 2, "Psychosocial Care Needs of Parents of Children with New-Onset Seizures," describes results from the use of the parent scale with mothers and fathers of children with new-onset seizures. The third article, Part 3, "Psychosocial Care Needs of Children with New-Onset Seizures," reports findings from the use of the child scale with children ages 8-14 years with new-onset seizures.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Development and evaluation of a colour-coded scale for birthweight surveillance in rural Egypt.

Birthweight surveillance is an important epidemiologic tool, yet it is largely unattainable in locales where most births occur at home attended by traditional midwives. A tempered-steel hand-held scale developed by Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH, Seattle, USA) was adapted for use by Egyptian traditional midwives; it identified newborns weighing less than 2.5 kg by a colour code (yellow versus blue). The scale and reporting system were field tested in a rural Egyptian village. Traditional midwives reported 98% of 299 livebirths attended and 85% were reweighed by Salter scale within 48 hours. Sensitivity of the scale was 100%, specificity 94%. Field conditions are specified for incorporating this method into a surveillance system.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care.

BACKGROUND: Development of reliable measures of medical student and resident attitudes about nutrition in patient care is needed before the effects of educational interventions or clinical experience can be gauged. This report describes the systematic development of a measure of attitude toward nutrition in patient care. It presents evidence about scale reliability and the absence of response bias that endorses the trustworthiness of data from the measure. METHODS: An eight-step attitude scale development procedure was used to create the Nutrition In Patient care Survey (NIPS). Data from five samples of first- and second-year medical students and first-year medical residents were subjected to factor analysis (PA2, varimax rotation), reliability analyses, and statistical analyses to test for demographic bias in the attitude data. RESULTS: A 45-item attitude measure was developed that contains five subscales derived from the factor analysis: (1) nutrition in routine care (NRC, 8 items); (2) clinical behavior (CB, 20 items); (3) physician-patient relationship (PPR, 8 items); (4) patient behavior/motivation (PBM, 3 items); and (5) physician efficacy (PE, 6 items). Each subscale yields reliable data in terms of internal consistency (alpha coefficients) and stability (test-retest reliability). Medical student and resident demographic variables have negligible influence on attitude scores. DISCUSSION: The NIPS subscales yield reliable data that can be used to assess outcomes in evaluation research on educational or clinical interventions or to predict patient care practices. Systematic attitude scale development increases the likelihood that the resulting measures will produce useful, trustworthy data.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Development of scales to measure beliefs of diabetic patients.

In this article health belief concepts are identified and previous attempts to construct scales for measuring these concepts are critiqued. Using an initial sample of 156 diabetic patients, factor analytic techniques were used to develop measures of the basic concepts of the Health Belief Model. The derived scales from this sample were cross-validated on a second sample of 92 diabetic patients. The scales were tested for unidimensionality, internal and external consistency, and stability across both samples. The application of these scales to nursing research and practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The development of factor-based level of functioning scales from a level of care instrument.

A factor analysis of data from 1,295 administrations of a level of care instrument produced a seven-factor solution. The scales developed from these factors through a simple unit weighting procedure were internally reliable and replicable on an additional sample of clients. The seven factors are discussed in terms of level of functioning measures. Results suggest that community living skills and self-care skills are two among several robust dimensions of level of functioning in psychiatric clients. Implications are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1979

The family therapist behavior scale (FTBS): development and evaluation of a coding system.

This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a new coding system--The Family Therapist Behavior Scale (FTBS)--that was designed to identify and study clinically relevant verbal behaviors of short-term, problem-oriented family therapists. Validity was assessed by testing the scale's ability to discriminate significant, predicted differences between the in-therapy behaviors of eight beginning family therapists conducting observed interviews and eight advanced family therapists conducting supervisory interviews. All of the sessions, which were initial interviews, were videotaped. Two coders rated three five-minute samples from each of the 16 tapes with the FTBS. The validity results supported over 50 per cent of the 16 research hypotheses. The reliability analysis, based on the actual study data, indicated that the interrater reliability of the 19 category FTBS differed from chance at less than the .001 level of significance. The implications of these findings are examined and future research directions are identified.

Adult↗