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PubMed2005

Digital chat reference in health science libraries: challenges in initiating a new service.

Digital reference service adds a valuable new dimension to health science reference services, but the road to implementation can present questions that require carefully considered decisions. This article incorporates suggestions from the published literature, provides tips from interviews with practicing academic health science librarians, and reports on data from students' exploration of academic health science library Web sites' digital reference services. The goal of this study is to provide guidelines to plan new services, assess user needs, and select software, and to showcase potential benefits of collaboration and proactive and user-friendly marketing. In addition, tips for successful operation and evaluation of services are discussed.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed2003

On Becoming a Humanities Curriculum: the Center for Medical Humanities and Ethics at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.

The authors describe the development and implementation of a new longitudinal and integrated humanities curriculum in the School of Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Included are a history of ethics and humanities education in the medical school leading to the creation of the Center for Medical Humanities and Ethics in July 2002; an articulation of the Center's basic principles; a curricular blueprint outlining the core objectives and methodologies, such as a narrative approach of this required, four-year humanities curriculum for undergraduate medical students; and an overview of course materials and activities.

Curriculum↗

PubMed2006

Lessons learned from single service point implementations.

Interest in consolidating service points within health sciences libraries continues. This article proposes a definition of a library single service point and mentions some notable examples in academic health sciences libraries. The experiences of two of these libraries are summarized and compared, and the advice culled from those experiences is shared. The advice is in the form of sharing lessons learned, answering six frequently asked questions about combining services and staff under a single service umbrella. The article offers insights for other library staff considering this type of service reorganization.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1999

A framework for effective management of change in clinical practice: dissemination and implementation of clinical practice guidelines.

Theories from social and behavioural science can make an important contribution to the process of developing a conceptual framework for improving use of clinical practice guidelines and clinician performance. A conceptual framework for guideline dissemination and implementation is presented which draws on relevant concepts from diffusion of innovation theory, the transtheoretical model of behaviour change, health education theory, social influence theory, and social ecology, as well as evidence from systematic literature reviews on the effectiveness of various behaviour change strategies. The framework emphasises the need for preimplementation assessment of (a) readiness of clinicians to adopt guidelines into practice, (b) barriers to change as experienced by clinicians, and (c) the level at which interventions should be targeted. It also incorporates the need for multifaceted interventions, identifies the type of barriers which will be addressed by each strategy, and develops the concept of progression through stages of guideline adoption by clinicians, with the use of appropriately targeted support strategies. The potential value of the model is that it may enable those involved in the process of guideline dissemination and implementation to direct strategies to target groups more effectively. Clearly, the effectiveness and utility of the model in facilitating guideline dissemination and implementation requires validation by further empirical research. Until such research is available, it provides a theoretical framework that may assist in the selection of appropriate guideline dissemination and implementation strategies.

Diffusion of Innovation↗

PubMed2006

New computing model helps Hamilton Health Sciences address changing business requirements.

This case study presents the impetus, business case, chronology and benefits of implementing a new server-based computing model at Hamilton Health Sciences that solved a critical desktop management problem while reducing IT costs. The new approach also provided a robust, flexible and scalable technology platform that is helping the hospital address business requirements driven by the emerging virtual healthcare community.

Cost Control↗

PubMed2006

[The realization of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing: role of scientific research].

The article focuses on the role gerontological science is supposed to play in the implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Its purpose, structure, the process of development and concordance, as well as problems arising in the course of its realization are discussed by the authors. The contribution of the Russian gerontological science in the realization of the Madrid Plan of Action is debated.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Organizational factors that influence information technology diffusion in academic health sciences centers.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the organizational factors which influence the diffusion of end user online literature searching, the computer-based patient record, and electronic mail systems in academic health sciences centers in the United States. DESIGN: A total of 1335 individuals working in informatics and library areas at 67 academic health sciences centers in the U.S. were surveyed. Multivariate techniques were used to evaluate the relationship between the set of six organizational factors and two measures of innovation diffusion. MEASUREMENTS: A Guttman-like scale was developed to measure infusion, or depth or sophistication, of each of the three innovations at each institution. Diffusion was measured by a question previously developed for another study. Six independent variables were measured via five formerly developed scales and one new one. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 41%. The set of organizational variables produced significant results in the diffusion of each of the three innovations, with individual variables influencing diffusion to varying degrees. The same set produced significant results in relation to infusion only for online searching. There was little or no correlation between infusion and diffusion for each innovation. CONCLUSION: Organizational attributes are important predictors for diffusion of information technology innovations. Individual variables differ in their effect on each innovation. The set of attributes seems less able to predict infusion. It is recommended that both infusion and diffusion be measured in future studies because there is little relation between them. It is further recommended that individuals charged with implementing information technology in the health sciences receive training in managing organizational issues.

Academic Medical Centers↗

PubMed1993

Biological sciences and the nursing curriculum: a challenge for educationalists.

In recent years there has been considerable emphasis on the social and behavioural sciences in the nursing curriculum, with a corresponding tendency to devalue the role of the biological sciences. This paper argues the case for the biological sciences as being essential to the development of 'intelligent practitioners' and the progress of nursing. The notion of 'intelligent practice' is discussed against the background of a historical perspective which seeks to present a brief comparison of the traditional expectations of nursing practice with those for practice in the future. It is suggested that the application to nursing practice of relevant knowledge from the biological sciences is central to skillful practice and a 'caring' philosophy. Without such knowledge, nurses are unable to deliver safe, high-quality care and, in addition, 'handmaiden status' is perpetuated. In the past, the biological science component of the nursing curriculum was derived from medicine and the biomedical model: its teaching was, largely, inadequate and ineffective. If knowledge of biological science is crucial to 'intelligent practice' then there is an urgent need to review how this knowledge is structured and taught in the nursing curriculum. The conceptual model of 'bionursing' is suggested as a possible framework for developing a new approach to the structuring and teaching of biological sciences in the curriculum. Finally, consideration of biological sciences as an educational task, and the challenge of implementing a coherent, structured curriculum, are addressed.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence-based practice: does it benefit older people and gerontic nursing?

Evidence-based practice (EBP) has been received with enthusiasm and interest by many nurses. It has, however, raised skepticism and negative reactions from others. This article seeks to address the place of EBP in care of the elderly by outlining EBP and providing some pertinent examples of how it can be used in caring for older people. Finally, it promotes EBP as a useful tool, provided its definition and implementation are broadened to reflect the science and art of nursing.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Educational conferences in dermatology residency programs.

To characterize conferences in dermatology residency programs, we surveyed directors and chief residents. Most respondents thought their amount of conference time was just right (7-8 hours/wk); they also identified grand rounds, dermatopathology, and clinical images as best implemented, whereas journal club and basic science needed most improvement. By contrast, respondents diverged regarding conferences they wanted to establish; directors identified research and basic science, whereas chief residents listed pediatrics and surgery.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed2003

Microarray workshop on aging.

The advent of microarrays in studying gene expression in aging has created tremendous excitement due to its potential for uncovering molecular mechanisms of aging and age-related disease. However, the appropriate implementation of this technology in the science of aging requires serious attention to methodological detail and statistical rigor. This report highlights discussions from the microarray workshop on aging held at the First Conference on Functional Genomics of Aging in Seville, Spain. The topics discussed by the participants included technical issues relating to the printing of arrays, RNA isolation, cDNA labeling and hybridization, optimal design of microarray experiments, and statistical analysis of these data. Microarray analysis of complex tissues through the use of laser capture microdissection was also discussed.

Aging↗

PubMed2002

Global view on functional foods: European perspectives.

In the context of this presentation, European means the European scientific community, which, over the last decade, has been working on the concepts for functional foods, producing a number of documents including a consensus paper, guidelines and scientific publications. The Functional Food Science in Europe (FUFOSE) project has been quite a unique attempt to establish a strong scientific framework to justify the functional food concept, to discover and develop new functional foods that are primarily function-driven, and to substantiate claims scientifically. Being clearly positioned as part of nutrition, the functional food concept is, however, quite distinct from other approaches like food supplementation or food fortification, and functional foods are different from nutraceuticals, pharmafoods, vitafoods and 'alicaments', all terms that are not defined conceptually. Functional foods are food products to be taken as part of the usual diet in order to have beneficial effects that go beyond what are known as traditional nutritional effects. Moreover, these beneficial effects have to be demonstrated scientifically to justify two specific types of claim: the enhanced function claim or the reduction of disease risk claim. Functional food is a key concept for the future of nutrition as a science because it results from the implementation in nutrition of all the basic scientific knowledge that has accumulated over the past two or three decades. To the benefit of public health this progress cannot be ignored, it needs to be recognized fully and used. But, today, functional food is still mainly a scientific concept that serves to stimulate research and the development of new products.

Biotechnology↗

PubMedDate not supplied

RN/BSN distance learning through microwave.

Audio and video interactive electronic classroom systems are one way to increase access to baccalaureate programs for working nurses who do not reside near a degree-granting university. The authors describe the impact of this microwave television system on course implementation in a registered nurse/bachelor of science in nursing program. They also discuss the implications for course design, teaching strategies, class interaction, and student achievement.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1980

Labeling theory and community care of the mentally ill in California: the relationship of social theory and ideology to public policy.

The practical merit of a labeling theory approach to mental illness is examined and assessed through an exploration of its application in terms of public policy, i.e., community mental health policy in the state of California since 1968. Primary focus is placed on the impact of the deinstitutionalization of mental health services in that state, and the release of former mental patients into the community. Similarities in the fundamental ideological underpinnings of labeling theory, an associated conspiratorial model of mental illness, and contemporary California mental health policy, are presented and examples of policy input by labeling theorists and researchers are detailed. The impact of the California policy on the mentally ill is generally negatively assessed in terms of three major criteria: (1) rehabilitation; (2) reintegration; and (3) quality and continuity of care. The "translation" of several theoretical misconceptions regarding mental illness, caused by putting labeling theory into official policy, is suggested to lie at the root of many of the policy's implementation problems. The uses of social science theory and research are discussed, and caution is advised in the translation and application of social scientific theory and research to public policy proposals and programs.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1993

Treatment integrity in applied behavior analysis with children.

Functional analysis of behavior depends upon accurate measurement of both independent and dependent variables. Quantifiable and controllable operations that demonstrate these functional relationships are necessary for a science of human behavior. Failure to implement independent variables with integrity threatens the internal and external validity of experiments. A review of all applied behavior analysis studies with children as subjects that have been published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis between 1980 and 1990 found that approximately 16% of these studies measured the accuracy of independent variable implementation. Two thirds of these studies did not operationally define the components of the independent variable. Specific recommendations for improving the accuracy of independent variable implementation and for defining independent variables are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications.

At the beginning of 21(st) century, fifty years after discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helix structure, scientific world is faced with a great progress in many disciplines of biological research, especially in the field of molecular biology and operating on nucleid acid molecules. Many molecular biology techniques have been implemented successfully in biology, biotechnology, medical science, diagnostics, and many more. The introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) resulted in improving old and designing new laboratory devices for PCR amplification and analysis of amplified DNA fragments. In parallel to these efforts, the nature of DNA molecules and their construction have attracted many researchers. In addition, some studies concerning mimicking living systems, as well as developing and constructing artificial nanodevices, such as biomolecular sensors and artificial cells, have been conducted. This review is focused on the potential of nanotechnology in health care and medicine, including the development of nanoparticles for diagnostic and screening purposes, the manufacture of unique drug delivery systems, antisense and gene therapy applications and the enablement of tissue engineering, including the future of nanorobot construction.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Employing behavioral methods to improve the context of care within a public psychiatric hospital: enhancing psychosocial programming.

This article reviews efforts, grounded in principles of behavioral science, to improve the "goodness of fit" between the needs of psychiatrically impaired individuals and the array of day program classes offered in a public psychiatric hospital. The relevance of behavioral science and technology for planning and implementing such change in resource-challenged organizations is discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1999

Experience with an electronic health record for a homeless population.

A computerized electronic medical record (EMR) system using client-server architecture was designed and implemented by the Laboratory of Computer Science for use by the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP) to meet the unique medical record needs of the homeless. For the past three years, this EMR has been used to assist providers in the delivery of health care to the homeless population of Boston. As the BHCHP has grown and technology improved, it is important to review what features of the EMR work, and to investigate what improvements can be made for the better delivery of care to the homeless, especially as we approach the next century.

Adolescent↗