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PubMed2004

Genetic variation of viral protein 1 genes of field strains of waterfowl parvoviruses and their attenuated derivatives.

To understand the genetic variations between the field strains of waterfowl parvoviruses and their attenuated derivatives, we analyzed the complete nucleotide sequences of the viral protein 1 (VP1) genes of nine field strains and two vaccine strains of waterfowl parvoviruses. Sequence comparison of the VP1 proteins showed that these viruses could be divided into goose parvovirus (GPV) related and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) related groups. The amino acid difference between GPV- and MDPV-related groups ranged from 13.1% to 15.8%, and the most variable region resided in the N terminus of VP2. The vaccine strains of GPV and MDPV exhibited only 1.2% and 0.3% difference in amino acid when compared with their parental field strains, and most of these differences resided in residues 497-575 of VP1, suggesting that these residues might be important for the attenuation of GPV and MDPV. When the GPV strains isolated in 1982 (the strain 82-0308) and in 2001 (the strain 01-1001) were compared, only 0.3% difference in amino acid was found, while MDPV strains isolated in 1990 (the strain 90-0219) and 1997 (the strain 97-0104) showed only 0.4% difference in amino acid. The result indicates that the genome of waterfowl parvovirus had remained highly stable in the field.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Risk assessment of the use of autonomous parvovirus-based vectors.

Autonomous parvoviruses are small, non-enveloped, lytic DNA viruses replicating in the nucleus of actively dividing mammalian cells of appropriate species and tissue origins. In contrast to AAV, the other main subgroup of parvoviruses, autonomous parvoviruses do not require the assistance of an auxiliary virus for productive infection and do not stably integrate in the cellular DNA. Therefore, autonomous parvoviruses are suitable vectors for mediating transient gene transduction in dividing target cells. Interestingly, some of these viruses possess a striking inherent oncotropism, which may render them particularly suitable as selective vehicles in the clinical context of cancer gene therapy. In this chapter, we will present a brief overview of the biology of autonomous parvoviruses. This topic will be followed by a description of the design and recent developments in the production and use of parvoviral vectors, with a particular emphasis on biosafety aspects. Finally, the risk assessment related to the production and use of parvoviral vectors will be discussed in last part of the chapter.

Genetic Vectors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fetal parvovirus B19 infection and liver disease of antenatal onset in an infant with Ebstein's anomaly.

Fetal parvovirus B19 infection has been reported in association with hydrops and fetal demise, myocarditis, and congenital anomalies, as well as with normal outcome of pregnancy. One infant with liver disease of fetal onset associated with parvovirus B19 infection has been described. We have seen another such infant, in whom marked siderosis of the liver suggested accelerated destruction of erythrocytes and portal tract fibrosis with proliferation of bile ducts suggested intrauterine infection. Viral cytopathic effects were not seen. Maternal serum obtained postpartum contained IgM class antibodies against parvovirus B19, and parvovirus B19 nucleic acid sequences were identified in the infant's liver by polymerase chain reaction studies. We propose that recognition of this combination of siderosis with fibrosis and bile duct proliferation will permit identification of cases of fetal parvovirus B19 infection.

Ebstein Anomaly↗

PubMed2002

Clinical and serological response of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) to vaccination against canine distemper, canine parvovirus infection and rabies.

Wild dogs Lycaon pictuis (n = 8) were vaccinated 4 times against canine distemper (n = 8) (initially with inactivated and subsequently with live attenuated strains of canine distemper) and canine parvovirus infection (n = 8) over a period of 360 days. Four of the wild dogs were also vaccinated 3 times against rabies using a live oral vaccine and 4 with an inactivated parenteral vaccine. Commercially-available canine distemper, canine parvovirus and parenteral rabies vaccines, intended for use in domestic dogs, were used. None of the vaccinated dogs showed any untoward clinical signs. The inactivated canine distemper vaccine did not result in seroconversion whereas the attenuated live vaccine resulted in seroconversion in all wild dogs. Presumably protective concentrations of antibodies to canine distemper virus were present in all wild dogs for at least 451 days. Canine parvovirus haemagglutination inhibition titres were present in all wild dogs prior to the administration of vaccine and protective concentrations persisted for at least 451 days. Vaccination against parvovirus infection resulted in a temporary increase in canine parvovirus haemagglutination inhibition titres in most dogs. Administration of both inactivated parenteral and live oral rabies vaccine initially resulted in seroconversion in 7 of 8 dogs. These titres, however, dropped to very low concentrations within 100 days. Booster administrations resulted in increased antibody concentrations in all dogs. It was concluded that the vaccines were safe to use in healthy subadult wild dogs and that a vaccination protocol in free-ranging wild dogs should at least incorporate booster vaccinations against rabies 3-6 months after the first inoculation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Resolution of human parvovirus B19-induced nonimmune hydrops after intrauterine transfusion.

Our objective is to report our experience with cases of prolonged recovery from nonimmune hydrops secondary to human parvovirus B19 infection occurring after intrauterine transfusion. We reviewed cases referred to our unit over a 10 year period for exposure to parvovirus B19 infection. Those cases with serologic evidence of recent infection were identified. The cases requiring intrauterine transfusion were reviewed for demographic details, time of exposure, parvovirus B19 serology, gestational age at detection of nonimmune hydrops, number and results of fetal blood samples, duration from intrauterine transfusion to resolution of hydrops, and neonatal outcome. Of 38 cases identified through serologic evidence of recent parvovirus B19 infection, 35 (92.1%) did not develop hydrops, and these were followed by serial ultrasonography for 8 weeks from the time of exposure. Three cases (7.9%) developed hydrops and required intrauterine transfusion; in two the transfusion was intravascular and in one it was intraperitoneal. The mean duration from intrauterine transfusion to resolution of hydrops was 8 weeks 2 days. Pregnancy outcome in all cases was normal. In cases of nonimmune hydrops secondary to parvovirus B19 infection, resolution of the hydrops after intrauterine transfusion may take up to 12 weeks with a normal pregnancy outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Use of parvovirus-like particles for vaccination and induction of multiple immune responses.

Expression of the VP2 gene of autonomous parvoviruses in insect cells with the use of the baculovirus system has led to the production of virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by the self-assembly of VP2. These VLPs are expressed at high levels and can easily be purified by salt fractionation. They are highly immunogenic in the corresponding host, being fully protective at doses as low as 1-2 microg of purified material per animal. No special adjuvants are required. An interesting property of these particles is their usefulness as a diagnostic reagent for ELISA kits, which have successfully replaced conventional methods for parvovirus diagnostics based on haemagglutination. Another application of the hybrid recombinant parvovirus-like particles of pig parvovirus (PPV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) is its use as an antigen delivery system. PPV:VLPs containing a CD8(+) epitope from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein are able to evoke a potent cytolytic T-lymphocyte response and to protect mice against a lethal infection with LCMV. Also, PPV:VLPs containing the C3:T epitope from poliovirus elicited a T helper response in mice. These T-cell epitopes were inserted into the N-terminus of the VP2 protein. Unfortunately, the N-terminus is not adequate for antibody responses because it is inside the particle. Recent findings have shown that fine tailoring of the point of insertion around the tip of loop 2 of the surface of CPV allowed the elicitation of a potent antibody response. Thus mice immunized with chimaeric C3:B CPV:VLPs were able to elicit a strong neutralizing antibody response (>3 log10 units) against poliovirus. We now have the possibility of using these particles to elicit different immune responses against single or multiple pathogens in a simple and economic way.

Administration, Intranasal↗

PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, toxoplasma and parvovirus in pregnancy.

AIM OF STUDY: The aim of our study was to determine the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasma and parvovirus infection in our local antenatal population, and to see the effects, if any, of age, race, parity and nationality on its seroprevalence. METHODOLOGY: The sera of 120 consecutive antenatal women seen in KK Women's and Children's Hospital between the period of October 1997 and March 1998 were screened for cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG, toxoplasma IgG and parvovirus B19 IgG and IgM. An antibody titer greater than 1:32 was regarded as positive. RESULTS: A total of 87.0% of patients were tested seropositive for CMV IgG, 17.2% seropositive for toxoplasma IgG and 30.0% seropositive for parvovirus IgG. There seemed to be a trend of increasing seropositivity with age in all three groups, however only parovirus B19 reached statistical significance. The incidence of all three infections were higher among the Malays, Indians and other races compared to the Chinese. CONCLUSION: CMV is endemic in our population and hence the most common infection. Toxoplasmosis and parvovirus is relatively low in our population but this implies that a large proportion of our antenatal women are still susceptible to these infections. Prevention of congenital CMV, toxoplasmosis and parvovirus infection is mainly by educating the antenatal population.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Concentration of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 in pregnant women infected and noninfected with parvovirus B19].

The aim of the study was to pay attention to the frequency and consequences of Parvovirus B19 infection and observation of IL-6 and IL-12 concentrations in pregnant women who have or have not undergone parvovirus infection. In 32 pregnant women in their first or the next pregnancy with the imminent abortion IgM and IgG antibodies against Parvovirus B19 and serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-12 were determined using ELISA test. Parvovirus infection was diagnosed in 14 patients, abortion occurred in 5 cases and in 1 case fetal dystrophy was found. In the group of 18 noninfected pregnant women all the pregnancies were finished by healthy newborn delivery. Statistical analysis showed significant increase of IL-6 and IL-12 concentrations in patients infected by parvovirus in comparison to the noninfected group. The estimation of IL-6 concentration may be helpful in evaluation of existing intrauterine inflammation. The concentration of IL-12 should be analysed taking under consideration its role in the cytokine network.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Quick preparations of human parvovirus B19 microarray probes using PCR.

OBJECTIVE: To prepare DNA microarray probes for the detection of human parvovirus B19. Method Specific PCR primers were designed with the Primer Premier 5.0 to amplify the conserved regions of human parvovirus B19 genome. The PCR products were cloned into the pMD-18 T vector. METHOD: Sequences analysis showed the PCR products conformed to the sequences contained in the genome of human parvovirus B19. RESULT: Sequences analysis showed the PCR products conformed to the sequences contained in the genome of human parvovirus B19. CONCLUSION: PCR amplification of the conserved and specific human parvovirus B19 genes is simple and effective to prepare the desired probes.

DNA Probes↗

PubMed2004

[Application of factor analysis in the study of risk factors on human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the risk factors of human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy and to provide guidelines for its prevention and control strategy. METHODS: Four hundred and eighty-six cases of gravida serum were detected for parvovirus B19 DNA by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay. Factors associated with parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy were investigated and analyzed, using multiple logistic regression and factor analysis. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that there were 16 agents associated with parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy, which were dominated by 6 potential factors listed as follows: countryside and bad hygienic habit, mental factor, occupational exposure to hospital and environmental condition, health and illness, bad behavior and health education and blood type. CONCLUSION: The prevention strategy of parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy should include reasonable allocation of public health resources between city and countryside, and to promote health education and occupational health during pregnancy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Parvovirus B19 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of human parvovirus B19 infection in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Taiwan. METHODS: Seventy-eight patients with RA and 55 unrelated controls (51 trauma and 4 osteoarthritis) were enrolled. Anti-parvovirus B19 IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in plasma of patients with RA and controls by the enzyme immunoassay method. These antibodies were also detected in the synovial fluid of 18 RA patients and 52 controls. B19 DNA was measured in the plasma of 72 patients with RA and 45 controls by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was also measured in the synovial fluid of 14 RA patients and 39 controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect viral capsid protein VP1 of B19 in the synovial membrane of 7 RA patients and 32 controls. HLA-DR genotyping was performed by the sequence-specific primer PCR method. The interactions between B19 infection and HLA-DR genotype and susceptibility to RA were also analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of B19 infection was significantly increased in patients with RA compared with controls. The positive rates of B19 DNA in plasma and synovial fluid were significantly higher in RA patients than in controls. The odds ratio of DR4(+) B19 infection(+) was higher than that in DR4(+) B19 infection(-) or DR4(-) B19 infection(+) in comparison with DR4(-) B19 infection(-). A significant association was found between RA and DR4(+) B19 infection(+) in comparison with DR4(+) B19 infection(-). The odds ratio of DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(+) was also higher than that of DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(-) or DR4(-) plasma B19 DNA(+) in comparison with DR4(-) plasma B19 DNA(-). RA tended to be associated with DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(+) compared with DR4(+) plasma B19 DNA(-). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of parvovirus B19 infection was significantly higher in patients with RA than in controls. Synergistic effects were present between HLA-DR4 and parvovirus B19 infection or plasma B19 DNA for susceptibility to RA. Parvovirus B19 infection may play a role in susceptibility to RA.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

A report of human parvovirus B19 infection in hydrops fetalis. First Australian cases confirmed by serology and immunohistology.

OBJECTIVE: To present the first Australian cases of fetal hydrops induced by parvovirus B19. CLINICAL FEATURES: Autopsies on two cases of intrauterine fetal death with hydrops fetalis and pallor revealed evidence of myocarditis and widespread characteristic inclusion-bearing cells, predominantly erythroblasts. The diagnosis of hydrops fetalis induced by parvovirus B19 was confirmed in both cases by immunohistological localisation of the viral inclusions by means of a monoclonal antibody to the VP1 and VP2 proteins of parvovirus B19. A low level of parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies was detected in the second case. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that our relatively small population and lack of familiarity with the histopathological features may have led to underdiagnosis rather than a true absence of fetal parvovirus B19 infection in Australia. The condition can be diagnosed and treated antenatally and therefore should be included in the differential diagnosis of causes of hydrops fetalis.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[PCR value in the diagnosis of feto-placental human parvovirus B19 hydrops fetalis: apropos of 10 cases].

Human parvovirus B19 primary infection during pregnancy is responsible for 27% of non autoimmune hydrops fetalis. Parvovirus B19 antigen detection and parvovirus B19 IgM and IgG antibody determination using enzyme immunoassays are not reliable for diagnostic purposes and lack of specificity. Parvovirus B19 DNA detection in amniotic fluid, fetal blood, ascitic fluid, and fetal biopsies or placenta specimens seems to be the best method for the diagnosis. Ninety-seven samples from 70 cases of spontaneous abortions after fetal death or hydrops fetalis were examined using PCR. A 270-bp length fragment of the NSI gene was amplified using PCR followed by electrophoresis, by Dot-blot hybridization assay using a biotinylated probe and by Southern-blot hybridization assay using a horseradish peroxidase-labelled probe followed by chemiluminescent assay. The Southern-blot hybridization assay was the longest test but the most sensitive. The parvovirus B19 genome was identified in 10 cases. In two cases, intrauterine blood transfusions led to the cessation of symptoms and to the birth of normal babies.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Congenital parvovirus infection.

Congenital parvovirus infection was diagnosed in two liveborn premature infants born at 24 and 35 weeks of gestational age. The illnesses were associated with placentomegaly, petechial rash, edema, hepatomegaly, anemia and thrombocytopenia, respiratory insufficiency, and death at 5 and 6 days of age. The syndromes exhibited by these cases shared common but nonspecific features with other life-threatening congenital infections. Serological studies in one case supported the diagnosis of parvoviral infection. Postmortem examination of both revealed nuclear inclusions in erythroid precursor cells characteristic of parvovirus infection. Use of the polymerase chain reaction confirmed the presence of parvovirus DNA in one of the cases. Intrauterine parvovirus B19 infection is most commonly associated with hydrops fetalis, "transient" hydrops, or a favorable outcome in infants found to be viremic after birth. These and previously reported examples of congenital B19 disease exemplify an exceptional form of human parvovirus infection.

DNA, Viral↗

PubMed1992

Parvoviruses are inefficient in inducing interferon-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, or interleukin-6 in mammalian cells.

To investigate a possible role of cytokines in parvovirus-mediated suppression of tumorigenesis, we tested in cell culture whether parvoviruses are able to induce interferon (IFN)-beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin-6 (IL-6). Infection of rodent or human cells with the parvoviruses minute virus of mice (MVM), H-1 or adeno-associated virus (AAV) types 2 or 5 failed to induce expression of the luciferase or beta-galactosidase reporter genes transfected into these cells as constructs containing an IFN-beta promoter. Parvoviruses did weakly induce synthesis of TNF-alpha and of IL-6 in cell culture and could slightly enhance synthesis of these cytokines when induced by other agents. These in vitro data suggest that the rather unspecific tumor-suppressive properties of parvoviruses are unlikely to be attributable to stimulation of the synthesis of IFN, TNF or IL-6.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

[Human parvovirus B19 infection. Update].

Pathogenicity of parvovirus B19 has been demonstrated. The spectrum of clinical manifestations varies according to the age and immune status of affected patients. Parvovirus B19 is the aetiologic agent of erythema infectiosum in children. In normal adults, it is responsible for acute, bilateral and symmetrical arthritis, although chronic arthritis can develop. Parvovirus B19 has a particular tropism for erythroid precursors: in patients with underlying hemolysis, it induces transient aplastic crisis; in immunosuppressed patients the virus can lead to chronic pure red cell aplasia. Hydrops fetalis is one of the most severe manifestation of the infection. Diagnosis of recent parvovirus B19 infection is based upon serology and PCR, especially in immunosuppressed patients in whom polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulins must be started. The link between parvovirus B19 and systemic vasculitis is questioned.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2004

Agranulocytosis associated with parvovirus B19 infection in otherwise healthy patients.

In the course of 6 years, 23 otherwise healthy patients with acute febrile illness and leukopenia were diagnosed as having acute parvovirus B19 infection. Five of these patients had agranulocytosis associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection and one had chronic agranulocytosis due to persistent parvovirus B19 infection. The diagnosis was made after positive anti-parvovirus B19 IgM antibodies were found in all of the patients and viral DNA was detected by PCR in four patients. Neutropenia and agranulocytosis appear to be much more frequently associated with parvovirus B19 infection than previously reported.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1991

The evolution of defective and autonomous parvoviruses.

Because of the small size and genetic simplicity of small DNA viruses, parvoviruses would appear to be excellent models for studying viral evolution and adaptation. In an earlier publication we hypothesized the evolution of sequences of cellular "junk" DNA into protective interfering transposons. These transposons would interfere with invading pathogenic viruses by competing with the pathogen DNA for replicative enzymes. We speculated that a small, defective parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus (AAV), which usually requires the presence of a pathogenic helper virus to replicate, may have evolved from such a piece of cellular "junk" DNA. Our theory predicted that AAVs, as a consequence of their defective nature, developed under pressures favoring maintenance of their transposon like qualities. In contrast, disease-causing, autonomous, non-defective parvoviruses such as the B19 agent of humans and the canine parvovirus, even though their origins may have been in cellular DNA, would appear to have developed under totally different evolutionary pressures. In this paper we will present evidence for a common ancestry for the defective and autonomous parvoviruses and discuss the divergent paths this evolution may have taken in establishing the two genera.

Base Sequence↗