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PubMed1996

Patch testing in an aged population without dermatitis: high prevalence of patch test positivity.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal immune function has been observed to decline in the aged. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and relevance of patch test reactivity in an aged population without dermatitis and compare this with patch test reactivity in healthy younger volunteers. METHODS: Patch testing with the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard tray was performed on 82 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 68 to 87 years (mean age, 75 years), and the results were compared with those of 41 healthy younger volunteers (mean age, 24 years). A questionnaire regarding cutaneous symptoms was administered to both groups. RESULTS: Thirty subjects in the older population (37%) had one or more positive patch test results compared with 6 members of the control group (15%) (P = .01). Common sensitizers in the older group included balsam of Peru (7[9%]), fragrance (8[10%]), neomycin (6[7%]), nickel (5[6%]), and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (3[4%]). A history of severe pruritus (without dermatitis) was associated with positive patch test results to balsam of peru and nickel. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of positive patch test results in an aged population without dermatitis was observed. Factors contributing to to the high prevalence of patch test reactivity in the aged population may include cumulative exposure to potential allergens over time, a preserved ability to develop contact allergy, and altered percutaneous absorption. Patch testing in the aged must be interpreted carefully because the results may relate to past rather than present relevance.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Operant and Pavlovian contributions to the ontogeny of pecking in ring doves.

This series of experiments analyzes the role of learning in the development of pecking in ring dove squab. Experiment 1 showed that there is a high probability that parents will feed squab after a period of separation (Experiment 1). Such feedings may have been essential for producing the previous observation (Graf, Balsam, & Silver, 1985) that pecking develops normally if squab which have been separated from their parents are given a daily 20-min interaction with seed followed by an immediate return to their parents. Experiment 2 showed that exposure to seed followed by experimenter-provided feedings were sufficient for inducing adult pecking levels. Experiment 3 showed that general experience with conspecifics was not necessary for the development of pecking and that maturation alone could not account for the pecking observed in previous experiments. Experiment 4 showed that Pavlovian contingencies consisting of visual exposure to seed followed by feeding was sufficient to induce high levels of pecking. There did not appear to be an additional contribution of an operant contingency present when squab were allowed to both see and peck at seed prior to feedings in Experiment 5. However, squab must actually be given experience in handling and ingesting seeds before adult levels of pecking can be obtained. These results are discussed in terms of the developmental pathways whereby experience leads to adult behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Infrared spectroscopy for tracing of topically applied ointment vehicles and active substances on healthy skin.

Infrared spectroscopy was used to trace active substances and ointment vehicles applied on the skin. Vaseline and lanoline could be traced after 8 hrs but not olive oil. From the active substances, ethyl-4-amino-benzoate (5 per cent), clioquinol (5 per cent), parabenes (15 per cent), 5,7-dichlor-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-chinolin (5 per cent), balsam of Peru (25 per cent) and pyroleum pini (12 per cent) could be traced 1 hr after application but had disappeared after 8 hrs. Ethylenediamine (1 per cent), chlorcresol (1 per cent), pyroleum lithantracis (5 per cent), were not traceable after 1 hr, and curiously neither neomycine sulphate in spite of its high concentration (20 per cent). The reaction of the skin surface lipids, after application of different substances, was deduced from the spectra. Clioquinol and pyroleum lithantracis seem to give rise to hydrolysis of the triglycerides, the free fatty acids being clearly identifiable. It is felt that infrared spectroscopy can be used as an effective method to trace different substances such as potent allergens on healthy or diseased skin.

Balsams↗

PubMed1989

How to instruct patients sensitive to fragrances.

Patients who are sensitive to fragrances should either use fragrance-free cosmetics or undergo a repeat open application test to the cosmetic or perfume to determine sensitivity. Unusual reactions include systemic contact dermatitis due to balsam of Peru, benzyl alcohol, and menthol. Some responses involve pigmented eruptions due to phototoxic or photoallergic agents in perfumes and incense. Other reactions include consort dermatitis and reactions to toothpastes, gum and perfumes in paper products, sanitary napkins, ostomy pastes, and detergents.

Balsams↗

PubMed2001

A technique for preserving pigmentation in some capsalid monogeneans for taxonomic purposes.

A technique is described to preserve the pigment found in the bodies and the intestine of some brightly coloured and darkly pigmented benedeniine capsalid monogeneans. Previous studies of these pigmented capsalids have proven difficult because the pigmentation usually disappears when the worms are fixed using preservatives containing concentrations of formalin over 5% and/or ethanol, acetic acid, chromic acid, picric acid and mercuric chloride. The technique developed here uses a fixative comprising glycerol, acetone and formalin (GAF). After fixation under light coverslip compression for three minutes, specimens are transferred to absolute acetone for three minutes and cleared in a mixture of nine parts cedar wood oil and one part absolute acetone before mounting in Canada balsam. Processing must be carried out quickly, as these chemicals will cause the pigments to fade if the specimens are exposed to them for too long. Pigmented benedeniines processed using this technique retain the distribution, intensity and colour observed in live worms. The colour and distribution of pigmentation in monogeneans may be of taxonomic importance and this technique aids preparation of whole-mounts suitable for registration as type-material.

Acetone↗

PubMed2001

Epidemiology of contact allergy in adults.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the prevalence of contact sensitization in the general population and to investigate associations with important sociodemographic and medical characteristics. METHODS: Within a population-based nested, case-control study in Germany, we performed patch tests with 25 standard allergens in 1141 adults (50.4% female, age median 50 years). Additional information was obtained by a dermatologic examination, a standardized interview, and blood analysis. RESULTS: At least one positive reaction was exhibited by 40.0% of the subjects, with reactions most frequently observed to fragrance mix (15.9%), nickel (13.1%), thimerosal (4.7%), and balsam of Peru (3.8%). Women were sensitized more often than men (50.2% vs 29.9%, OR 2.36, CI 1.84-3.03), and this was also significant for fragrance mix, nickel, turpentine, cobalt chloride, and thimerosal. Contact sensitization was more frequent in subjects who reported adverse skin reactions (53.8% vs. 32.6%; OR 2.41, CI 1.85-3.14), and this was particularly true for sensitization to nickel (45.5% vs 8.8%, OR 8.64, CI 5.67-13.17) and fragrance mix (29.0% vs 14.0%, OR 2.51, CI 1.60-3.91) and the corresponding intolerance of fashion jewelry and fragrances. Contact sensitization decreased with increasing degree of occupational training (unskilled 45.9%, apprenticeship 40.1%, technical college 40.4%, and school of engineering 12.5%; P=0.023; trend test P=0.042). Significant associations of contact sensitization and presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, atopic eczema, or psoriasis were not observed. Frequency estimates for the general adult population based on these findings were 28.0% for overall contact sensitization and 11.4% for fragrance mix, 9.9% for nickel, and 3.2% for thimerosal. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that contact allergy is influenced by sociodemographic parameters and plays an important role in the general population.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[The most frequent allergens in allergic contact dermatitis].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis is high. Patch testing is the standard procedure to detect contact sensitivity. More than 3000 allergens are known, today. On the basis of the data of this study the top allergens are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The retrospective analysis is based on the patch test results collected by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology in 2004. Data of 9948 patients (6175 female und 3773 male) referred for the evaluation of suspected contact allergy were analysed to determine the frequency of sensitization to the 10 most common contact allergens. RESULTS: The top ten allergens were nickel sulphate (frequency of sensitization standardized for sex and age 17.2 %), fragrance mix (7.2 %), balsam of Peru (6.7 %), cobalt chloride (6.5 %), potassium dichromate (5.3 %), colophony (4.6 %), lanolin alcohol (4.3 %), p-phenylenediamine (4.2 %), ammoniated mercury (3.5 %) und methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (3.4 %) in 2004. CONCLUSIONS: Even after healing of the skin lesions of allergic contact dermatitis, it must be considered that sensitization persists indefinitely. Therefore, patients have to be informed exactly about their relevant contact allergens to ensure complete avoidance. To do so, physicians need a detailed knowledge of the most common contact allergens which are discussed in this paper.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Alveolar osteitis prevention by immediate placement of medicated packing.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether immediate placement of medicated dry socket packing would decrease the incidence of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) with lower third molar extractions. STUDY DESIGN: In 100 patients, 200 lower third molars were extracted. One half of the sockets were packed to the crest of the alveolar ridge with a one-quarter-inch radiograph-detectable filament gauze that contained 9% eugenol, 36% balsam of Peru, and 55% petroleum jelly. The medicated packing was removed 1 week after surgery. None of the patients were taking antibiotics. Patients were instructed to increase their oral hygiene before and after surgery and were to use 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate 2 days before and 3 days after surgery. RESULTS; Two hundred bilateral lower third molars of varying difficulty were extracted. The overall alveolar osteitis rate was 34 (17%). The immediately packed lower third molar sites had an alveolar osteitis rate of 8 (8%). The sockets that were not packed with medicated packing the day of surgery had an alveolar osteitis rate of 26 (26%). The difference was statistically significant (P =.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that placement of medicated dry socket packing immediately after lower third molar extraction decreases the alveolar osteitis rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of pressure ulcer treatments in long-term care facilities: clinical outcomes and impact on cost.

This study compared clinical outcomes and nursing labor costs associated with (a) balsam Peru, hydrogenated castor oil, and trypsin (BCT) ointment; (b) BCT + Other; and (c) Other treatments in 2014 wound episodes occurring in 861 patients (mean 2.34 wounds/patient). Treatment with BCT ointment or BCT + Other was associated with a higher healing rate (P < .05). No Stage 1 or 2 ulcer treated with BCT ointment progressed, compared with 13.8% treated with BCT + Other and 13.4% treated with Other. The reported mean duration of treatment and time to heal were shorter for ulcers treated with BCT ointment, but differences did not reach significance, possibly because of the variability in reported treatment times. Mean daily nursing labor costs were lower for treatment with BCT than Other ($50.8 vs $61.7, P < .05). These data suggest that treatment of Stage 1 or 2 ulcers with BCT may be associated with shorter treatment time and time to heal and a potential reduction in treatment-related nursing labor costs.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Management of radiation dermatitis in a patient after mastectomy.

Women who are diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy and radiation are at high risk of developing acute radiation dermatitis. The purpose of this case study is to explore an alternative topical therapy for skin toxicity in the post-radiation care of a patient with a history of breast cancer. The patient, a 54-year-old white female, was treated by modified radical mastectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation. During post-radiation therapy the patient developed wet desquamation reaction over the midincision line into the right axilla. Balsam Peru, hydrogenated castor oil, trypsin (Xenaderm Healthpoint, San Antonio, Tex) was trialed to evaluate efficacy in providing wound healing to the denuded skin. Within 14 days of treatment, the area was completely healed and topical therapy stopped. This case study provides the basis for further research into the area of topical therapy for women with moist desquamation after radiation for breast cancer.

Balsams↗

PubMed2004

Immediate contact reactions to fragrance mix constituents and Myroxylon pereirae resin.

We have studied patients who have positive-patch test reactions to fragrance-allergic screening substances fragrance mix (FM) or Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru) for immediate contact reactions to the standard FM, the constituents of the FM and Myroxylon pereirae resin. In the fragrance-positive subjects (n = 60), there were positive immediate contact reactions to Myroxylon pereirae resin in 56.6% and to FM in 11.6%. In a control group (n = 50) of eczematous, patch test-negative patients there were positive immediate reactions to Myroxylon pereirae resin in 58.0% subjects and to FM in 12.0%. The absence of a significant difference between the fragrance-allergic group and control group is in keeping with a non-immunological basis for the majority of the immediate reactions seen.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sensitization to propolis in 1255 children undergoing patch testing.

To investigate the frequency and the features of contact sensitization to propolis in children, we patch tested 1255 consecutive children suspected of allergic contact dermatitis with propolis 20% petrolatum over an 8-year period (1995-2002). Positive responses were observed in 5.9% of patch-tested subjects, with a significantly higher frequency in boys than in girls. The dermatitis was localized mainly on the face, hands and limbs. A significant linear increase in the annual frequency of propolis allergy was noted. Confirming literature data, a significant association with balsam of Peru sensitivity was present in children reacting to propolis, linked to the presence of common constituents in the 2 substances. In conclusion, based on our data, we suggest that propolis should not be used in topical products for children because of its high sensitization rate at the paediatric age.

Allergens↗

PubMed1994

Immediate- and delayed-type contact hypersensitivity in children older than 5 years with atopic dermatitis: a pilot study comparing different tests.

We conducted a prospective open study of immediate- and delayed-type contact hypersensitivity to food and other allergens in 33 children with atopic dermatitis (AD). The design of the study was exploratory and not randomized. Various methods for detecting immediate-type hypersensitivity were compared. Thirty-three children age 5 to 15 years with persistent AD were initially enrolled, but 3 dropped out. Nine patients had positive reactions to foods in the patch-scratch test, four had positive reactions in the skin application food test, and five had positive reactions to foods in the prick tests. Positive reactions to foods were observed in only three patients on the delayed-type patch tests. In all tests, but especially the patch-scratch and prick tests, positive reactions to food allergens were observed without clinically related symptoms. None of these tests gave ideal results. Twenty (67%) of the 30 children had positive reactions to inhalants in prick testing. Fourteen showed positive patch-test reactions with the European standard series (True Test). The most positive reactions were to nickel (9 patients), cobalt, and balsam of Peru. Restrictive measures led to evident improvement of AD only in some children. The results of this study illustrate that food allergy plays only a limited role in patients with AD age 5 to 15 years. We could not conclude which of the tests would predict which children might benefit from dietary manipulation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Legislation on prevention of occupational dermatoses.

Legislation is one way to eliminate sensitizers and irritants. Purity requirements, declaration and labelling, industrial health codes and pre-employment occupational aptitude examinations are useful in combating occupational and contact dermatitis by drugs and products of daily use. Chromium compounds, turpentine, balsam of Peru, benzocaine and other can be eliminated by administration and legislation.

Balsams↗

PubMed1975

The frequency of contact sensitivity in North America 1972-74.

Three thousand subjects in North America were patch-tested with 19 allergens. The most frequent sensitizers observed include nickel sulfate, caine mixture, potassium dichromate, balsam of Peru, thimerosal, ethylenediamine hydrochloride, paraphenylenediamine and thiram. The prevalence data compared with an earlier study indicates that the initial allergens reported warrant their continued inclusion in a routine patch test screening series in North America.

Balsams↗

PubMed1976

Contact allergy: predictive testing in man.

Predictive tests are of value in forecasting the response of a population to a sensitizer; diagnostic testing is used to determine what substances may actually be producing dermatologic problems. Skin sensitization predictive and diagnostic data for the eleven most frequently encountered skin sensitizers in Western Europe, Canada and the United States are reviewed. These compounds include two drugs (benzocaine and neomycin), two cosmetic ingredients (p-phenylenediamine and balsam of Peru), four preservatives (formaldehyde, ethylenediamine, parabens and mercurials) and three ingredients of wearing apparel (nickel, chromium and thiram). Many of the data were collected by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group and the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group on tests with 1,200 and 4,825 dermatologic patients, respectively; the remainder were obtained by individual investigators with smaller groups of subjects. The data obtained by various investigators are discussed in relation to the factors which affect the extent and degree of sensitization which they can cause.

Allergens↗

PubMed1976

Sensitizing and irritating properties of star anise oil.

Star anise oil in 2 and 1% concentrations produced active sensitization in 5% of test subjects, and positive patch tests in 36 and 34%, respectively, of consecutive patients with dermatitis. A comparison of the results of tests with balsams and other essential oils showed that star anise oil does not give cross-reactions and pseudo cross-sensitivity. Patients positive to this oil are frequently positive to anethole and to other constituents of this oil: alpha-pinene, limonene and safrole. In tests with star anise oil it is noteworthy that a 1% concentration is strongly irritant, and 0.5% reveals sensitivity in only one fifth of the actively sensitized subjects. It is possible that the cause of false negative patch tests might be similar in the case of some other allergens.

Allergens↗

PubMed1977

Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland.

Since 1970, more than 4,500 patients have been patch tested at the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit in Glasgow. The results of 1,312 patients patch tested to the 20 test substances as described by the ICDRG (Fregert et al. 1969) are presented. The data on frequency of the most common allergens observed are presented. The most common allergens observed are nickel, chromium, cobalt, neomycin, colophony, wool alcohols, balsam of Peru and rubber. The less common allergens are benzocaine, parabens, formaldehyde and turpentine.

Adolescent↗