Feasibility of using intracardiac impedance measurements for capture detection.
Energy consumption and longevity of modern pacemakers are determined by the controlling electronic circuitry and by the stimulation energy. While with technological progress the electronics' energy consumption has been reduced significantly, clinical practice shows that many cardiac pacemakers are programmed to suboptimal settings with regard to minimization of pacing energy consumption. Several methods for optimizing pacemaker output settings have been proposed in the past. The most promising concept is an output parameter optimizing pacemaker with automatic capture detection. We examined whether it is possible to distinguish between effective and ineffective pacemaker stimulus capture by analyzing high pass filtered intracardiac impedance signals that are derived from standard bipolar pacing leads. In one series of 11 patients undergoing replacement or implantation of chronic bipolar pacemakers, four patients during electrophysiology studies, and eight volunteers undergoing invasive electrophysiology trials, we examined intracardiac impedance signals obtained with various stimulation rates and output parameter settings. Additionally we analyzed a series of five patients with implanted pacemakers that can measure and telemeter intracardiac impedance signals. Several evaluation concepts have been analyzed regarding their ability to discriminate between effective and ineffective stimuli. We developed an adequate algorithm that detects capture or loss of capture at different output parameter settings based on intracardiac impedance analysis. The sensitivity is 98.5% and specificity is 91% to loss of capture for the currently investigated algorithm and this can be used to determine the optimal setting of pulse width and amplitude with regard to energy consumption. This concept is currently under realization in the external programmer and in the future an implementation of these algorithms within the pacemaker itself is intended.