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PubMedDate not supplied

How can be best explain retrograde amnesia in human memory disorder?

I firstly consider general issues relating to our attempts to understand retrograde amnesia. Three main hypotheses are reviewed that have been proposed to account for retrograde amnesia. A theory is outlined to explain the dense autobiographical amnesia that is a focal phenomenon in some cases of severe head injury. This theory postulates that autobiographical retrieval requires the activation of a distributed network of cognitive operations, and that autobiographical amnesia results from the occurrence of multiple areas of pathology, distributed over both space and time.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

[Importance of the hippocampus and parahippocampus with reference to normal and disordered memory function].

For decades there have been differing, partly controversial ideas concerning the function of the hippocampus. They were newly stimulated by the discovery of the widespread neocortical connexions of the adjacent parahippocampus, which itself is closely interconnected via its anterior part with the hippocampus. All theories have in common that they conceive these areas to be sites for the integration of complex information. However, some of the observations regarding their role in various memory functions are very contradictory. The present article gives a survey of the current state of knowledge concerning anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of these cerebral areas. It appears that hippocampus and parahippocampus play a significant part in the regulation of selective attention and expectation. Thus they might also influence the process of comparison and valuation which modulates the access to neocortical associative information stores.

Amnesia↗
PubMed1994

[Recall and clustering in a patient with memory disorders: with special reference to incidental learning].

A case study of recall and categorical clustering in the patient with organic anterograde amnesia is reported. The stimulus list involved 28 words comprising of eight categories with four items in each, which were individually typed in one-letter Kanji character on index cards. This experiment was carried out in incidental learning situation, in which the patient and normal controls were instructed to read aloud each stimulus item. In the test phase, subject was required an immediate free recall orally. Two indices were computed from the test results; the number of words correctly recalled and the level of clustering. While the patient achieved the same number of correct recalls as the controls, she failed to produce the equal level of clustering as the latter. The results suggest that categories or semantic associations were not used by the patient as retrieval cues. The dissociation between recall and clustering in the patient are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Post-arrest memory disorders. Results of a retrospective study].

A retrospective study on 362 criminal responsibility reports showed a high proportion of accused persons claiming amnesia for the offence. Subjects of the amnesic group were compared with a non-amnesic control group. Statistically significant relations were found between amnesia and sex, imprisonment, nature of the offence, exogenous factors and psychogenic disturbances. Results of this study and of other published studies confirm the problems in differentiating etiology of amnesia after criminal offences. Valid and reliable diagnostic techniques especially for detecting simulated amnesia are missed. Misconceptions about amnesia are still widespread among judges, lawyers and offenders. Because amnesia occurs after crime it is not necessary for assessing criminal responsibility.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats].

Experiments with white mongrel rats (both females and males) showed that nootropic substances, i.e. sodium hydroxybutyrate, pyracetam, oxyracetam, aniracetam, centrophinoxine, nooglutyl, mexydol, semax, amide L-pyroglutamyl-D-alanine, and MK-801, a specific noncontesting antagonist of the NMDA-receptor complex, significantly increased survivability of the animals following bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries. The nootrops prevented, partly or completely, mnestic disorders in the experimental rats. In contrast, MK-801 profoundly aggravated these disorders. Similar results were obtained with a model of hypoxic amnesia. Except for N-acetylglycine amide and amide L-pyroglutamyl-D-alanine, the nootrops fully or to a considerable extent blocked the development of mnestic disorders in hypoxic rats. The authors recommend novel nootrops (nooglutyl, mexidol, semax and GVS-111) for the pharmacological correction of mnestic disorders consequent to hypoxia or cerebral ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Disorders of memory.

The understanding of the neuroanatomic substrates and cognitive processes underlying memory functioning has improved dramatically during the past several decades. Animal studies and observations of patients who have brain diseases show that memory is not a unitary factor but instead can be parsed into overlapping but dissociable constructs; that encoding, retention, and retrieval processes depend on the integrity of several distinct brain regions; and that the creation of new memories depends on structural and functional changes within the neuronal systems of those brain regions. Much remains to be learned, however, regarding the specific biologic,genetic, and information-processing mechanisms underlying many features of this complex cognitive construct. As this knowledge base grows, new and improved pharmacologic and behavioral treatments for patients who have memory disorders may be realized.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Panic disorder and memory: does panic disorder result from memory dysfunction?

It is proposed that patients with panic disorder have a defect in fear-relevant episodic memory, and their panic attacks arise from automaticity in recollecting fear-relevant emotional-autonomic cluster. The cluster as a component of fear appears to have been dissociated from cognitive structure (episodic or informative memory trace) or from "information structure". A special method was created for testing this hypothesis where 30 panic disorder patients, 12 healthy controls, and 32 patients with other psychiatric diagnoses were asked to recall and describe a fearful experience. None of the patients in the panic disorder group could recall any fearful event or episode in their past. All but one subject among healthy controls and all the subjects in the non-panic group could recall one or more fearful event or episode. Possible theoretical implications of these results are discussed in the context of some classical concepts.

Adolescent↗