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PubMed1982

Nomenclature and location of avian hypothalamic nuclei and associated circumventricular organs.

Nineteen nuclei and two areas within the avian hypothalamus were identified and located on specific corss-sectional planes of a stereotaxic atlas of the fowl. Latin terms applied to the nuclei and associated fiber tracts were compared among several authors and a suggested standardized nomenclature presented for hypothalamic structures. Nine circumventricular organs (CVOs) were also located throughout the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon of the chicken. A majority of the CVOs were found near nuclei.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Bilaterally symmetrical rhopalial nervous system of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora.

Cubomedusae, or box jellyfish, have the most elaborate visual system of all cnidarians. They have 24 eyes of four morphological types, distributed on four sensory structures called rhopalia. Box jellyfish also display complex, probably visually guided behaviors such as obstacle avoidance and fast directional swimming. Here we describe the strikingly complex and partially bilaterally symmetrical nervous system found in each rhopalium of the box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, and present the rhopalial neuroanatomy in an atlas-like series of drawings. Discrete populations of neurons and commissures connecting the left and the right side along with two populations of nonneuronal cells were visualized using several different histochemical staining techniques and electron microscopy. The number of rhopalial nerve cells and their overall arrangement indicates that visual processing and integration at least partly happen within the rhopalia. The larger of the two nonneuronal cell populations comprises approximately 2,000 likely undifferentiated cells and may support a rapid cell turnover in the rhopalial nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of the series of U.S. cancer atlases: implications for future epidemiologic research.

An historic perspective on the development of the National Cancer Institute's series of cancer atlases is provided. Emphasis is placed on the role which emergent questions concerning environmental determinants of cancer played in the acquisition and utilization of data resources. Studies which were fielded as a consequence of the atlases are highlighted. The legacy of the collective effort of many persons who worked on the development of the cancer atlases-the facilitation of many current epidemiologic investigations-is discussed.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed1997

Matching a computerized brain atlas to multimodal medical images.

A method for matching a digital brain anatomical atlas to multimodal medical images (MRI, PET, and SPET) was implemented. The digital atlas was derived from anatomical templates of the brain, cut according to the orbitomeatal orientation. The atlas consists of a set of contiguous slices schematically describing the brain as anatomical contours and of a set of regions of interest (ROIs) classifying the brain into functionally homogeneous areas. The matching procedure includes (a) an edge detection method for the extraction of anatomical contours and (b) a warping algorithm based on contour matching to fit the atlas to the individual brain anatomy, as described by MRI. Once the atlas is matched to MRI, the associated templates of ROI can be overlapped with functional PET/SPET studies, individually registered to MRI. The method was tested on MRI studies. The efficacy of the warping algorithm in overlapping atlas and MRI contours was assessed by calculating for each slice an index representing the extent of overlapping (I). Values of I in the range 0.8-0.9 were found (I = 1 complete overlapping). Local accuracy was also verified by comparing the position of correspondent anatomical ROI in the atlas and MRI images before and after warping. The atlas-matching procedure was applied to representative MRI/PET clinical images for an objective regional analysis of functional data.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Expectation maximization strategies for multi-atlas multi-label segmentation.

It is well-known in the pattern recognition community that the accuracy of classifications obtained by combining decisions made by independent classifiers can be substantially higher that the accuracy of the individual classifiers. In order to combine multiple segmentations we introduce two extensions to an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for ground truth estimation based on multiple experts (Warfield et al., MICCAI 2002). The first method repeatedly applies the Warfield algorithm with a subsequent integration step. The second method is a multi-label extension of the Warfield algorithm. Both extensions integrate multiple segmentations into one that is closer to the unknown ground truth than the individual segmentations. In atlas-based image segmentation, multiple classifiers arise naturally by applying different registration methods to the same atlas, or the same registration method to different atlases, or both. We perform a validation study designed to quantify the success of classifier combination methods in atlas-based segmentation. By applying random deformations, a given ground truth atlas is transformed into multiple segmentations that could result from imperfect registrations of an image to multiple atlas images. We demonstrate that a segmentation produced by combining multiple individual registration-based segmentations is more accurate for the two EM methods we propose than for simple label averaging.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Functional neurosurgery using 3-D computer stereotactic atlas.

To facilitate a full-scale representation of thalamic nuclei and surrounding subcortical structures in the course of stereotactic procedures, a 3-D computer atlas of this region has been created, which permits visualization of the operative field including the involved structures and the position of the instrument. Necessary adaptation is performed according to the position of the intracranial reference points derived from CT-scan. Working with the atlas permitted more accurate and safer surgery. An IBM PC/AT computer was used.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Cartography as an instrument in epidemiology: methodologic considerations for the new Swiss cancer atlas].

Maps not following the syntactical rules of the graphical language entail the risk of being misunderstood. Maps aim at demonstrating spatial patterns and visualizing dividing lines. Representation of tabular values is not a principal goal. Maps should be "seen" as a whole, not be "read" element by element. Some technical aspects of cartography are discussed (distortion of information, grouping of data, adequacy and use of colour). The guidelines for the new Swiss cancer atlas are based on these general principles. A continuous-shading technique avoiding class intervals is being used. It allows the combination of maps and diagrams of different aggregations of the same data using a common shading scale. Indications of significance are integrated into all figures. Geographical maps are enriched by diagrams showing data for 9 cities, 5 language regions, for a grouping by size of community and for a socioeconomical classification of regions. The universal shading scale enables to compare the figures separately and crossways. Relationships not apparent in a traditional map might be revealed.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed2004

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health.

The Dutch National Atlas of Public Health (http://www.zorgatlas.nl) maps the regional distribution of demand and usage of health care, public health status and influencing factors. The Atlas provides answers to locational questions, e. g. 'Where are the highest mortality rates?', 'Where are the longest waiting lists?' and 'Where are hospitals located?' Maps play a pivotal role in the Atlas. Texts, graphics and diagrams support the interpretation of the maps. The information in the Atlas specifically targets policy makers at the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. For them, the Atlas is a tool for problem detection, policy making and policy evaluation. The Atlas is also aimed at all professionals in health care. In practice, also the general public appears to access and use the Atlas. The Atlas is part of the Dutch Public Health Status and Forecasts (PHSF). The PHSF is made by the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment mandated by the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed2000

[Presentation of pyoderma gangraenosum in a dermatologic atlas of the early 19th century].

Pyoderma gangrenosum was first described in 1930 by Brunsting, Goeckermann and O'Leary. Nevertheless we found some illustrations in an atlas on dermatology, published by Marie-Nicolas Devergie in the first half of the 19th century, which appear to be pyoderma gangrenosum. In addition to discussions of typical syphilitic affections of the skin, Devergie's "Clinique de la Maladie Syphilitique" includes illustrations of gangrenous ulcers, which appeared unexpectedly after local and systemic therapy with mercury. Devergie interpreted those enlarging ulcers as a side effect of mercury therapy. Thus we were able to find evidence of pyoderma gangrenosum more than 100 years before first description in 1930. The etiology of this clinical picture is still unsettled. The favorite postulate has been a bacterial genesis which was the subject of numerous publications until the 1960s.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed2016

Gene co-expression analysis identifies brain regions and cell types involved in migraine pathophysiology: a GWAS-based study using the Allen Human Brain Atlas.

Migraine is a common disabling neurovascular brain disorder typically characterised by attacks of severe headache and associated with autonomic and neurological symptoms. Migraine is caused by an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified over a dozen genetic loci associated with migraine. Here, we integrated migraine GWAS data with high-resolution spatial gene expression data of normal adult brains from the Allen Human Brain Atlas to identify specific brain regions and molecular pathways that are possibly involved in migraine pathophysiology. To this end, we used two complementary methods. In GWAS data from 23,285 migraine cases and 95,425 controls, we first studied modules of co-expressed genes that were calculated based on human brain expression data for enrichment of genes that showed association with migraine. Enrichment of a migraine GWAS signal was found for five modules that suggest involvement in migraine pathophysiology of: (i) neurotransmission, protein catabolism and mitochondria in the cortex; (ii) transcription regulation in the cortex and cerebellum; and (iii) oligodendrocytes and mitochondria in subcortical areas. Second, we used the high-confidence genes from the migraine GWAS as a basis to construct local migraine-related co-expression gene networks. Signatures of all brain regions and pathways that were prominent in the first method also surfaced in the second method, thus providing support that these brain regions and pathways are indeed involved in migraine pathophysiology.

Atlases as Topic↗
PubMed1978

The clinical use of a craniofacial growth atlas.

A method of using normative growth data from An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth in planning orthodontic treatment and monitoring growth and response to therapy has been presented. Since the Atlas contains data on many cephalometric variables for both sexes from the ages of 6 to 16 years, the clinician can use any popular cephalometric diagnostic analysis for individualized diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of results. A practical example has been shown, applying the method to a young girl wearing a Frankel appliance during the first phase of treatment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

A stereotaxic method of recording from single neurons in the intact in vivo eye of the cat.

A method is described for recording stereotaxically from single retinal neurons in the optically intact in vivo eye of the cat. The method is implemented with the help of a new type of stereotaxic instrument and a specially developed stereotaxic atlas of the cat's eye and retina. The instrument is extremely stable and facilitates intracellular recording from retinal neurons. The microelectrode can be rotated about two mutually perpendicular axes, which intersect in the freely positionable pivot point of the electrode manipulation system. When the pivot point is made to coincide with a small electrode-entrance hole in the sclera of the eye, a large retinal region can be reached through this fixed hole in the immobilized eye. The stereotaxic method makes it possible to choose a target point on the presented eye atlas and predict the settings of the instrument necessary to reach this target. This method also includes the prediction of the corresponding light stimulus position on a tangent screen and the calculation of the projection of the recording electrode on this screen. The sources of error in the method were studied experimentally and a numerical perturbation analysis was carried out to study the influence of each of the sources of error on the final result. The overall accuracy of the method is of the order of 5 degrees of visual angle, which will be sufficient for most purposes.

Animals↗