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PubMed2006

Molecular characterization and expression of four cDNAs encoding sucrose synthase from green bamboo Bambusa oldhamii.

Bamboo is distinguished by its rapid growth. To investigate sucrose metabolism in this plant, we cloned the cDNAs encoding sucrose synthase (SuS) from Bambusa oldhamii and investigated their expression in growing shoots and leaves. Four cDNA clones, BoSus1, BoSus2, BoSus3 and BoSus4, were isolated by screening a cDNA library from etiolated bamboo shoots. Recombinant BoSuS proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and ultrafiltration. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the abundance of the transcript of each gene. BoSus1 and BoSus3 may be duplicate or homeologous genes, the sequences of which show high identity. Similarly, BoSus2 shows high identity with BoSus4. Kinetic analysis showed that the two BoSuS isoforms of each type had similar michaelis constant (Km) values for sucrose, but different values for UDP. The four genes were expressed in various bamboo organs but were differentially regulated. The increase in the abundance of their mRNA paralleled the growth rate of the bamboo. The results suggest that, in bamboo, SuS is encoded by at least four genes, each with a specific role in providing substrates for the polysaccharide biosynthesis and/or energy production necessary to support the rapid growth of this species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

[Comparison study on total flavonoid content and anti-free redical activity of the leaves of bamboo, phyllostachys nigra, and Ginkgo bilabo].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences of total flavonoid (TF) content and antifree radical activity between the-leaves of bamboo and Gingo biloba, as well as their seasonal changes. METHOD: Spectrophotometery and Chemiluminescence methods were adopted to determine TF and half inhibiting concentration (IC50) on active oxygen free radicals of the leaves of bamboo, phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex. Lindl.) Munro, and Ginkgo biloba. Two kinds of leaves were picked in the same plot at the same time monthly. RESULT: The TF of bamboo leaf varied in the range of 0.67%-1.71% (in dry basis of leaf, below as same) throughout a year, the minimum apparing in June and the maximum in July, then going down obviously, and remaining at a much high lever during November to next April. However, the TF of Ginkgo bilabo leaf varied in 1.48%-2.49% during whole growing period, early April to late November. It ascended with the growth of leaf, reaching the top during June and July, the going down slowly, and finally another peak appeared before defoliation. The average IC50 values on O2-. and .OH of bamboo leaf were at 11.0 micrograms.mL-1 and 5.3 mg.mL-1, and Ginkgo biloba at 19.0 micrograms.mL-1 and 3.6 mg.mL-1, respectively. CONCLUSION: The TF content and anti-free radical activity the bamboo leaf are comparable with the leaf of ginkgo biloba, which is a kind of potential resources for natural antioxidant and free radical scavenger.

Flavonoids↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of low oxygen-modified atmosphere packaging on browning and lignification of peeled bamboo shoots].

The browning and lignification of peeled bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f. prevelnalis) under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with a combination of 2% O(2)+5% CO(2)+93% N(2) in 0.04 mm polyethylene bag during storage at 10 degrees C were investigated. The results indicated malondialdehyde (MDA) content of bamboo shoots under MAP with low O(2) atmosphere was lower than that in the control during early storage, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyse (PAL) were significantly inhibited (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), and the browning of bamboo shoots under MAP with low O2 atmosphere was eventually significantly prevented (P<0.01) and cellulose and lignin contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The browning of bamboo shoots was probably caused by POD and PAL activities, and the increase in POD and PAL activities might account for the lignification of bamboo shoots.

Bambusa↗

PubMed2001

Functional morphology of the pectoral fins in bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium plagiosum: benthic vs. pelagic station-holding.

Bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) are primarily benthic and use their relatively flexible pectoral and pelvic fins to rest on and move about the substrate. We examined the morphology of the pectoral fins and investigated their locomotory function to determine if pectoral fin function during both benthic station-holding and pelagic swimming differs from fin function described previously in leopard sharks, Triakis semifasciata. We used three-dimensional kinematics and digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to quantify pectoral fin function in five white-spotted bamboo sharks, C. plagiosum, during four behaviors: holding station on the substrate, steady horizontal swimming, and rising and sinking during swimming. During benthic station-holding in current flow, bamboo sharks decrease body angle and adjust pectoral fin angle to shed a clockwise fluid vortex. This vortex generates negative lift more than eight times that produced during open water vertical maneuvering and also results in an upstream flow that pushes against the posterior surface of the pectoral fin to oppose drag. In contrast, there is no evidence of significant lift force in the wake of the pectoral fin during steady horizontal swimming. The pectoral fin is held concave downward and at a negative dihedral angle during steady horizontal swimming, promoting maneuverability rather than stability, although this negative dihedral angle is much less than that observed previously in sturgeon and leopard sharks. During sinking, the pectoral fins are held concave upward and shed a clockwise vortex with a negative lift force, while in rising the pectoral fin is held concave downward and sheds a counterclockwise vortex with a positive lift force. Bamboo sharks appear to sacrifice maneuverability for stability when locomoting in the water column and use their relatively flexible fins to generate strong negative lift forces when holding position on the substrate and to enhance stability when swimming in the water column.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Chemiluminescence from bamboo shoot cut.

Bamboo shoot cut emitted weak light, which could be visualized with a two dimensional imaging system. A water extract of bamboo shoot contained tyrosine (a major component of total amino acids), bityrosine and peroxidase. Bamboo shoot peroxidase-H2O2-tyrosine system also emitted weak light with maxima at 490nm, 530nm and longer wavelength, identical to that in horseradish peroxidase-H2O2 system. Judging from these results, chemiluminescence from bamboo shoot cut might be originated from excited species generated by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine and bityrosine.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗

PubMed1995

Occurrence of Penicillium marneffei infections among wild bamboo rats in Thailand.

Penicilliosis marneffei has emerged as an endemic systemic mycosis in Southeast Asia among humans and wild bamboo rats. To gain an insight into the epidemiology of this life-threatening disease, a survey of bamboo rats for natural infections by Penicillium marneffei was carried out in the central plains of Thailand during June-September, 1987. Thirty-one lesser bamboo rats (Cannomys badius) and eight hoary bamboo rats (Rhizomys pruinosus) were trapped. Portions of their internal organs were cultured to determine if they had been infected by P. marneffei. Six each of C. badius (19.4%) and R. pruinosus (75%) yielded cultures of this unique, dimorphic Penicillium species. All of the isolates were readily converted to their unicellular form that multiplies by the process of schizogony by incubating them at 37 degrees C on plates of brain heart infusion agar. Their identity was further confirmed by a specific immunological test. Among the internal organs of the positive rats, the lungs had the highest positivity (83.3%), next in decreased order of frequency were the liver (33.3%) and the pancreas (33.3%). The use and value of domestic and wild animals in locating and demarcating endemic areas of geophilic fungal pathogens are discussed. Penicilliosis marneffei is considered to be a zooanthroponosis--a disease that occurs in lower animals, as well as, humans.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Variation between freshwater and terrestrial fungal communities on decaying bamboo culms.

Fungal communities on decaying culms of a bamboo host (Phyllostachys bambusoides) from freshwater and adjacent terrestrial habitats were identified. Collections were made at Xiao Bai Long Mountain, Yiliang, Yunnan, China in the winter and summer. In each collection, 100 similar-sized bamboo culms were collected, comprising 50 submerged samples from a stream and 50 terrestrial samples from adjacent riparian vegetation. A total of 82 fungal taxa were recorded from the samples, including 30 ascomycetes and 52 anamorphic fungi. The frequency of occurrence of these fungi were recorded and the Shannon-Weiner indices (H') were applied to evaluate fungal diversity. The results showed that variation of the fungal diversity between the summer and winter collections was insignificant (0.2 < p < 0.5). Fungal diversity on submerged bamboo however, was significantly higher than that on terrestrial bamboo (p < 0.001). Further findings were that: (1) some commonly recorded freshwater and terrestrial taxa were found in both habitats, but overall there were only 15 overlapping species between the two habitats; (2) the dominant species in each habitat were considerably different, and (3) only a few fungi were dominant, while most species were rare, being recorded only once or twice. Factors responsible for the distribution patterns and variations in composition of the fungal communities are discussed.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed2004

Surface properties of bamboo fiber and a comparison with cotton linter fibers.

In order to understand the different touch senses from bamboo and cotton fibers, the surface properties of bamboo fiber, e.g., the surface free energy, the Lifshitz-van der Waals force, and Lewis acid and base components have been determined using the column wicking technique. Taking the traditional cotton linter fiber as a reference, this paper shows that both these fibers have the similar surface free energies. However, a big difference between these two fibers which has been importantly observed is that the bamboo fiber having greater Lewis acid component seems to be double than the cotton linter fiber. Since water has been found to have such surface property, it is suggested that the bamboo fiber touch in the skin of people may like the touch between water and skin of people. Meanwhile, other surface properties of these two fibers are compared.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed2004

Methane production from steam-exploded bamboo.

To convert unutilized plant biomass into a useful energy source, methane production from bamboo was investigated using a steam explosion pretreatment. Methane could not be produced from raw bamboo but methane production was enhanced by steam explosion. The maximum amount of methane produced, i.e., about 215 ml, was obtained from 1 g of exploded bamboo at a steam pressure of 3.53 MPa and a steaming time of 5 min. A negative correlation between the amount of methane produced and the amount of Klason lignin was observed in the methane fermentation of steam-exploded bamboo.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Generation of hydrophilic, bamboo-shaped multiwalled carbon nanotubes by solid-state pyrolysis and its electrochemical studies.

A simple, efficient, and novel method was developed for the direct preparation of hydrophilic, bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes by the pyrolysis of ruthenium(III) acetylacetonate in a Swagelock cell is reported. The obtained product exhibits mostly bamboo-shaped, straight, periodic twisted, multiwalled carbon nanotubes possessing diameters of 50-80 nm and lengths of around 10 microm. The pyrolyzed product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution TEM (HRTEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), micro-Raman, and cyclic voltammetric techniques. HRTEM studies showed that the walls of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes consisted of oblique grapheme planes with respect to the tube axis. The interlayer spacing between two graphitic layers was found to be 0.342 nm. XPS measurements have suggested that as-prepared carbon nanotubes consist the surface functional groups on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The electrochemical properties of synthesized carbon nanotubes have been evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), IR, and cyclic voltammetric studies showed the presence of oxygen functionalities. Raman studies revealed the presence of disorder in the graphitic carbon and the presence of exposed edge plane defects in the generated carbon nanotubes for influencing the surface behavior and electrochemical properties. The electrochemical behavior of electrodes made of bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes served for an oxygen reduction reaction.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Immunohistochemical localization of hemicelluloses and pectins varies during tissue development in the bamboo culm.

The distribution of hemicelluloses and pectins in bamboo internodes was studied immunocytochemistrically at various stages of development. The ultra-structures of bamboo cell walls have been reported previously at various stages. The internodes were identically classified into three developmental phases: primary wall stage (phase I), unlignified secondary wall stage (phase II) and lignified wall stage (phase III), using the same bamboo culm. (1-->3, 1-->4)-Beta-glucans were distributed in nearly all tissues in an actively elongating stage. Limited amounts of beta-glucans were deposited in primary walls and the middle lamellae, but were limited to the phloem in secondary walls. This suggests that the function of beta-glucans might be different in phloem vis-à-vis other tissues. Highly-substituted xylans were located in nearly all tissues of early phase I, but had disappeared in all tissues immediately prior to lignification. In contrast, low-branched xylan epitopes were present only in the protoxylem in phase I, but were present in all tissues immediately prior to lignification in phase II. In phase III, the epitopes were densely localized in lignified walls, suggesting that the substitution of xylans is closely related to maturation. Methyl-esterified (but not unesterified) pectins were present in all tissues of early phase I. Just before and after lignification, both types of pectins were concentrated in the phloem and protoxylem. Xyloglucans were largely distributed in the phloem and in lignified tissues, suggesting that they might be closely correlated with maturation. This represents the first account of the distribution of hemicelluloses and pectins at the tissue and ultrastructural level in bamboo internodes at various stages of development.

Bambusa↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Growth and metabolism in the embryonic white-spotted bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium plagiosum: comparison with embryonic birds and reptiles.

Birds and reptiles have been important models for studying the energetics of embryonic development. Studies on these groups reveal three metabolic patterns: an exponential increase in metabolism with embryo age, a sigmoidal increase with age, or a sigmoidal increase followed by a decrease before hatching. Models developed to explain avian metabolic patterns and developmental costs partition total costs between growth and maintenance. To test the generality of these models, we examined embryonic energetics of the oviparous white-spotted bamboo shark Chiloscyllium plagiosum. Oviparous sharks must actively ventilate during development, which could increase their development costs relative to birds and reptiles. Our results demonstrated that bamboo shark embryos have a peaked metabolic pattern and sigmoidal increase in body mass similar to ratites, crocodilians, and some turtles. The total cost of development was higher in bamboo sharks than in reptiles and many birds. However, calculations reveal that the high cost of bamboo shark development can be explained by the relatively long incubation time rather than the additional cost of muscular movement. Finally, an avian model can reasonably describe shark embryonic metabolism, suggesting that movement costs do not significantly alter the metabolic pattern during development.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Toward understanding the different function of two types of parenchyma cells in bamboo culms.

The bamboo, woody monocot, has two types of parenchyma cells in the ground tissues of its culm, in contrast to a single type of parenchyma cell in rice, maize and other major crop species. The distribution of cell wall components, including lignin, (1-->3), (1-->4)-beta-D-glucans (MGs), the highly-substituted glucuronoarabinoxylans (hsGAXs) and low-branched xylans (lbXs) in ground parenchyma tissue of Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens culms was studied at various developmental stages using light microscopy (LM), UV-microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunolabeling techniques. The short parenchyma cell walls were lignified in 2-month-old bamboo culms just as the long parenchyma cell walls were. The lignified regions were confined to the portions in contact with the long parenchyma cell walls, while the walls at the cell corner region never lignified, even in 7-year-old culms. Significant differences were also found in the hemicellulose distribution between the short and long parenchyma cell walls. In bamboo parenchyma tissue, MGs were localized in short parenchyma cell walls and few were found in long parenchyma cell walls in both young and 7-year-old culms. The distribution of hsGAXs was similar to that of MGs in young culms, but they only appeared in the cell corner region of short parenchyma cells in old culms. Low-branched xylans were distributed in the lignified, but not in unlignified parenchyma cell walls. Based on this evidence, the differences of function in both short and long parenchyma cells in a bamboo culm are discussed.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed2006

Molecular diversity of bamboo-associated fungi isolated from Japan.

Bamboos are common and useful plants in Japan but little information is available about their endophytes. In this study, 257 fungal strains were isolated from bamboo tissues, and 71 representative strains were characterized by 18S rRNA gene and internal transcriber spacer region sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the fungal isolates were located in Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Xylariales was the dominant group within bamboos. Several rRNA gene sequences were not similar to any current sequence in the database and might be a novel species or genera that could represent sources of novel biological compounds. These findings reveal that bamboos are a huge reservoir of microorganisms that should be extensively investigated.

Bambusa↗

PubMed1985

Specific attachment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to bamboo cells in suspension cultures.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens was tested for its ability to attach to tissue culture cells of bamboo, a monocotyledonous plant. Phase-contrast microscopy and kinetic experiments with radiolabeled bacteria showed that attachment to bamboo cells was indistinguishable from attachment to cells of dicotyledonous plants. Bacterial mutants defective in attachment to dicotyledonous plants showed similar behavior with bamboo, and extensive washing of the bamboo cells had no effect on the number of bacteria which attached.

Adhesiveness↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pythiogeton zizaniae, a new species causing basal stalk rot of water bamboo in Taiwan.

A new species, Pythiogeton zizaniae, was isolated from diseased water bamboo (Zizania latifolia) in central Taiwan. The organism formed a colony with scanty mycelia and mycelial aggregates on rye-water bamboo medium. Special treatments were required for production of sporangia which were terminal, noncaducous and mostly ovoid. Chlamydospores were absent. The fungus was homothallic. Oogonia produced on V-8 water bamboo medium in water were mostly globose to subglobose and each was attached with a club-shaped, monoclinous antheridium by the base of the oogonium stalk. Oospores were plerotic and globose to subglobose. Py. zizaniae caused death of water bamboo suckers but did not infect seedlings of corn, rice, wheat, sorghum, cucumber, tomato, soybean or water spinach. It also did not affect cucumber and tomato fruit, carrot roots or potato tubers.

Cucumis sativus↗

PubMed2004

[On the causes of mite pest outbreaks in mono- and poly-cultured moso bamboo forests].

In this paper, the damage of phytophagous mites Schizotetranychus nanjingensis Ma & Yuan, Aponychus corpuzae Rimando and Aculus bambusae Kuang to moso bamboo (Phyllostaychs pubescens) was examined for ten pairs of mono- and poly-cultured forests at six locations in Fujian, China. The results showed that the mite damage in mono-cultured forests (35%) was twice as high as that in poly-cultured forests (17.5% < the injury level of 20%), and the difference was significant by t-test. The total pest mites in the mono-cultured forests at six locations in Fujian were 289.29% as high as those in the poly-cultured stands. Typhlodromus bambusae, a nature enemy in the poly-cultured forests at five locations in Fujian, was 262.5% as high as that in the mono-cultured forests. The proportion of pest mite and nature enemy in the mono-cultured forests was 1:118, but was 1:13 in the poly-cultured forests. The change of bamboo cultivation (mono-culture, crowding of bamboo plants, and removal of underfloor plants) might be the major cause of mite pest outbreaks in moso bamboo forests.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Charcoal bamboo as a bone substitute: an animal study.

UNLABELLED: Charcoal bamboo (Bambusae glaucescens) was placed in the resected tibial diaphysis of sixteen New Zealand White rabbits. At two, four and six weeks and again at six months after the operations, four rabbits in each period were killed and all specimens were examined under a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The six-week specimens showed that there was neobone invasion into the pores of the charcoal bamboo. There was no evidence of fibroencapsulation or inflammatory response. Due to its structure as a uniform porous material with interconnecting pores and carbon composition, the charcoal bamboo has been proved to be an osteotropic material. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Charcoal bamboo should be an alternative bone substitute which may be used in humans in the near future. This material is available and easy to produce and prepare in developing countries.

Animals↗