[Plaque control in the initial preparation for the management of periodontal diseases, with special reference to the limitation of tooth brushing by Bass technique].
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Dental Plaque↗
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[Mode of action and results of home assisted ventilation. Study by the Association of Aid to Respiratory Insufficient Patients of Basse-Normandie from 1976 to 1978 (author's transl)].
Since 1970, 168 patients, mostly of the obstructive type, received an apparatus of assisted ventilation at home, according to the degree of their hypoxia-hypercapnia, following one or several acute failures. Oral ventilation, at a daily minimum of 90 min, distributed in 4 to 8 sessions, was continued for variable duration, from 1 to 5 years. The results, analysed statistically for 40 subjects, show a blood-gas improvement greater in patients whose PaO2, PaCO2 and RV/TC ratio were initially lower. For 17 patients controlled before and after assisted ventilation at home, a reduction in the number of days of hospitalization and acute failures was observed. The cost involved was particulary economical because of the simplicity of the equipment and the possibilities of control of patients and apparatus at the C.H.U. (20 F monthly in 1977 for 145 selected patients).
Adult↗
Activities of enzymes of fat and ketone-body metabolism and effects of starvation on blood concentrations of glucose and fat fuels in teleost and elasmobranch fish.
1. Activities of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase together with tri- and di-acylglycerol lipase were present in red and heart muscles of the teleost fish. However, d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity was not detectable. These results suggest that the heart and red muscles of the teleosts should be able to utilize the fat fuels triacylglycerol, fatty acids or acetoacetate, but not hydroxybutyrate. The muscles from the elasmobranchs differed in that d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase activities were present, but carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was not detectable. This suggests that ketone bodies are the most important fat fuels in elasmobranchs. 2. The concentrations of acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols were measured in blood or plasma of several species of fish (teleosts and elasmobranchs) in the fed state. Teleosts have a 10-fold higher concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids, but a lower blood concentration of ketone bodies; both acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are present in blood of elasmobranchs, whereas 3-hydroxybutyrate is absent from that of the teleosts. 3. The effects of starvation (up to 150 days) on the concentrations of blood metabolites were studied in a teleost (bass) and an elasmobranch (dogfish). In the bass there was a 60% decrease in blood glucose after 100 and 150 days starvation. In dogfish there was a large increase in the concentration of ketone bodies, whereas in bass the concentration of acetoacetate (the only ketone body present) remained low (<0.04mm) throughout the period of starvation. The concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids increased in bass, but decreased in dogfish. These changes are consistent with the predictions based on the enzyme-activity data. 4. Starvation did not change the activities of ketone-body-utilizing enzymes or that of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in heart and red skeletal muscles of both fish, but it decreased markedly the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in white skeletal muscle of both fish. However, in the liver of the dogfish, starvation resulted in a twofold increase in the activities of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, whereas in bass liver it decreased the activity of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and increased that of 3-oxo acid CoA-transferase. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was increased twofold in the liver of bass, but was unchanged in that of the dogfish. 5. The difference in changes in concentrations of blood metabolites and enzyme activities in the two fish support the suggestion that, in starvation, ketone bodies, but not non-esterified fatty acids, are an important fuel for muscle in elasmobranchs, whereas non-esterified fatty acids, but not ketone bodies, are an important fuel in teleosts. The results are discussed in relation to the evolution of a discrete lipid-storing adipose tissue in teleosts and higher vertebrates.
Animals↗
On the relation between the EMG frequency spectrum and the duration of symptoms in lesions of the peripheral motor neuron.
Two samples of muscles, one with proved, the other with doubtful neurogenic lesions have been investigated with EMG frequency analysis. Confirming reports from previous authors it was possible to show that a large proportion of muscles with proved lesions have a displacement of the frequency spectrum towards low frequencies("bass" displacement). The displacements were principally found in cases with old lesions. In a group of cases in which the symptoms had lasted a few months only a displacement towards high frequencies ("descant" displacement) was revealed. In view of these findings it was surprising to note a relatively large number of spectra with bass displacement in a group of cases in which the symptoms had lasted less than one month. The probable explanation of this is to be found in the fact that the muscles with bass displacement in this group principally belonged to patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes, alcoholism, renal insufficiency, itc., who quite possibly might have had earlier neurogenic lesions with a subclinical course. In the group of muscles with doubtful neurogenic lesions there was also found a comparatively large number of bass-displaced spectra. It was possible to show that here also there was a large number of patients with systemic diseases.
Adult↗
Residues of organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lakes Saint Clair and Erie, Canada--1968-76.
Eighteen species of fish from Lake Saint Clair and 19 species from Lake Erie were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1968 and 1976. Mean residues of sigma DDT peaked at 1.19 ppm in longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) caught in Lake Saint Clair in 1970-71, but had declined in all species by 1975-76. Dieldrin levels in fish tissues increased over the same period. White bass (Morone chrysops), caught in 1975 in Lake Erie, had the highest mean residue of dieldrin at 0.17 ppm. PCB residues increased in some species and decreased in others. PCB residues exceeding the tolerance level of Health and Welfare Canada were found in the following: from Lake Saint Clair, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in 1975 and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in 1971; from Lake Erie, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in 1970, smallmouth bass, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) in 1971, and white bass in 1971 and 1976.
Animals↗
[Sex hormones and depth of voice in the male (author's transl)].
Correlations between sex hormone levels and the male depth of voice were investigated in 102 singers. As compared to tenor singers higher testosterone and lower oestradiol plasma concentrations were measured in bass and baritone singers. This resulted in higher testosterone/oestradiol ratios due to increased androgens in those with deeper voices. Deeper voices were associated with taller and heavier body build. In the young age group sexual activity was highest among the bass voices, in the middle and old age group tenors were most active. There were no depth of voice-related differences as regards the sequence and occurrence of different pubertal characteristics. Only future bass singers had an increased of acne. The results indicate that the different depths of the male voice are influenced by different concentrations of circulating sex hormones and also by the androgen sensitivity of the target organs.
Acne Vulgaris↗
Subcellular localization and levels of aminopeptidases and dipeptidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Three aminopeptidases (L-aminoacyl L-peptide hydrolases, EC 3.4.11) and a single dipeptidase (L-aminoacyl L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.13) are present in homogenates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bassed on differences in substrate specificity and the sensitivity to Zn2+ activation, methods were developed that allow the selective assay of these enzymes in crude cell extracts. Experiments with isolated vacuoles showed that aminopeptidase I is the only yeast peptidase located in the vacuolar compartment. Aminopeptidase II (the other major aminopeptidase of yeast) seems to be an external enzyme, located mainly outside the plasmalemma. The synthesis of aminopeptidase I is repressed in media containing more than 1% glucose. In the presence of ammonia as the sole nitrogen source its activity is enhanced 3--10-fold when compared to that in cells grown on peptone. In contrast, the levels of aminopeptidase II and dipeptidase are less markedly dependent on growth medium composition. It is concluded that aminopeptidase II facilitates amino acid uptake by degrading peptides extracellularly, whereas aminopeptidase I is involved in intracellular protein degradation.
Aminopeptidases↗
Gender-specific pathways linking body dissatisfaction, self-disgust, and social anxiety in Chinese adolescents: A three-wave longitudinal study.
Adolescence is a critical period for physical and psychological development. Body dissatisfaction is a significant concern during this stage, contributing to psychological issues such as social anxiety. However, the longitudinal relationships among body dissatisfaction, self-disgust, and social anxiety, as well as the potential role of gender differences in these dynamics, remain unclear. A total of 1109 junior high school students in China completed the baseline survey, with data collected at three time points (Mage = 12.67 years, SD = 0.68; 51.9% girls). Data were collected using the Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS), the Self-Disgust Scale (SDS), and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SASC). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the longitudinal mediating effects among body dissatisfaction, self-disgust, and social anxiety, as well as to explore gender differences in these relationships. After controlling for autoregressive effects of self-disgust and social anxiety across waves, body dissatisfaction at T1 was found to indirectly predict social anxiety at T3 through self-disgust at T2, while indirectly predicting self-disgust at T3 through social anxiety at T2. Multi-group analyses revealed significant gender differences: for females, only the mediating pathway with self-disgust as the mediator was significant; for males, only the pathway with social anxiety as the mediator was significant. These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the emotional mechanisms linking body dissatisfaction to social anxiety and highlight the importance of considering gender-specific pathways in prevention and intervention efforts.
Adolescent↗
Childhood depression: an overview.
A review of the psychiatric literature on childhood depression indicates confusion in the basic concept of depressive illness in childhood. There is no general agreement on criteria for childhood depression. The diagnosis of depression in childhood is being based on clinical impression, arbitrarily selected criteria, or on a favorable response to treatment with antidepressants. There is no distinction between primary and secondary depression. The diagnosis of "masked depression" is given to children with a wide range of different problems, bassed on the hypothesis that depression in childhood can be manifested by clinical symptomatology quite distinct from that found in adults. However, recent studies do not support this hypothesis. Most studies on childhood depression include a wide range of children in spite of the fact that from the data available in current literature it seems justified to distinguish between the different age groups of children, mainly the prepubertal and the adolescent groups.
Adjustment Disorders↗
Damaging effects of toothbrush bristle end form on gingiva.
The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study of 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass Technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardization of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The "cut bristles" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the "cut bristles". The size of the lesions was not sex dependent. To prevent gingival damage it is desirable to either round the bristles in production or to rid the bristle ends at least of sharp edges.
Adolescent↗
Trout mortalities as a result of Streptococcus infection.
Excessive mortalities were experienced in the bigger rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at an efficiently managed trout farm. All tests for known toxins in the feed and water proved to be negative. A faecal Streptococcus which belongs to the Lancefield group D but which could not be identified as belonging to any of the recognized species within this group, was isolated from the spleens, livers and kidneys of affected fish. Pathogenicity studies with this organism proved it to be highly fatal to trout but not to Mozambique bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus), banded bream (Tilapia sparrmenii), carp (Cyprinus carpio) or largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The isolation and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The symptoms, gross- and histopathology of this disease are described and discussed. The disease resembles a haemorrhagic septicaemia and appears to be associated with intensification and conditions of stress.
Animals↗
A comparison of plaque removal by different toothbrushes and toothbrushing methods.
Six toothbrushing methods were evaluated using several kinds of toothbrushes. Two kinds of electric toothbrushes were tested also. Forty-two adults who had normal dentition and clinically healthy peridontal tissue, aged 20 to 34, 36 males and 6 females, volunteered for this study. The plaque score was calculated by the modified Volpe's method on which Suzuki et al. reported before. The scoring of the plaque was restricted to the six teeth (formula: see text) The average percentage of plaque removal from the total (labial and lingual) tooth surface by different toothbrushing methods was as follows: (1) 75.2 +/- 9.9% by the Fones method with a hard brush, (2) 71.7 +/- 11.1% by the Scrub method with a hard brush, (3) 67.4 +/- 12.5% by the modified Stillman's method with a hard brush, (4) 64.7 +/- 13.7% by the National electric toothbrush with a soft brush, (5) 62.9 +/- 13.6% by the Roll method with a hard brush (6) 58.1 +/- 16.3% by the Charters method with a brush of a medium hardness, (7) 55.2 +/- 10.2% by the Bass method with a brush of a medium harness. A similar tendency was obtained independently on the labial, lingual and papillary tooth surface. The hard brush was the most effective for the plaque removal by all kinds of brushing methods.
Adult↗
[Gingival injuries from toothbrush bristles].
The ability of two different toothbrush bristle ends to produce traumatic gingival abrasion was assessed in a double blind study on 15 male and 15 female young adults. Brushing was performed in a circular fashion using a modified Bass technique. An apparatus allowing continuous visual feedback of the average brushing force permitted a degree of standardisation of the system. The upper left canine and bicuspid area had to be brushed for 30 seconds with cut toothbrush bristles (CP) and with round ended toothbrush bristles (RP) respectively. A two-week interval separated the two brushing sessions. Traumatic lesions of the attached gingiva were stained with a disclosing solution, photographed and evaluated planimetrically. The "cut bristles" caused gingival abrasions 30% greater in extent than the round end bristles. The difference was not due to single brushing strokes accidentally greater for the "cut bristles". The size of the lesions was not sex-dependent.
Adult↗
Spirometry in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Clinical evaluation and pulmonary function tests were performed in 218 patients with motor neuron disease, mainly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Serial studies were obtained in 103 patients, in 31 until death from ALS. Most patients, regardless of the pattern of motor neuron involvement, had characteristic abnormalities in pulmonary function, including reduced forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). Reductions in the FVC and MVV to as low as 50% were commonly missed by clinical evaluators. Spirometry is therefore of value in detecting early involvement of respiratory neurons. Progressively greater reductions in the FVC and MVV in all the fatal cases indicate that serial spirometry has prognostic value in ALS.
Adult↗
Oral polio vaccine. Effect of booster vaccination one to 14 years after primary series.
We studied the persistence of antibody after vaccination and the response to booster revaccination with trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV) administered at varied intervals after the primary series in a large group of children. Decline in antibody was related to intervals since last vaccination, and not to sex, age, age at primary vaccination, or type and number of previous administrations. Geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibody were 11.3 for type 1 and 8.0 for types 2 and 3 poliovirus when vaccine had been given within the previous year, declining to 3.2, 3.0, and 2.1 for types 1, 2, and 3 after nine years. Most children with an initial titer of 4 or less responded to revaccination with a fourfold or greater increase in titer of IgG. Geometric mean titers for all three types of polio dropped to this level when last TOPV administration had been five to six years or more.
Adolescent↗
Sex differences among clients of an emergency care unit for alcoholism.
Compared male and female clients of an emergency care unit for the treatment of alcohol-related crises on a number of basic characteristics and procedural variables. Female clients were found to be significantly younger and more likely to be employed than males. The two groups did not differ reliably with respect to educational level or marital status. Females were found to be referred to the center by Alcoholics Anonymous and family members more often than were male clients, and male clients were referred more often by police than were female clients. The two groups also differed with respect to disposition at time of discharge, with more females judged as not needing additional treatment and more males viewed as needing additional treatment, but family or patient was not ready at the time.
Adult↗
Developments in the identification of human skeletal material (1968-1978).
A review of publications over the last ten years of methods in the field of physical anthropology for determining age, sex, race and stature of human skeletal material is presented. Comparisons are made with the types of papers published in the previous ten years (1958-1968) in six categories: (1) Visual examination of bones (2) Anthropometric measurements of bones (3) Anthropometric measurements with subsequent use of statistics in the form of discriminate function analyses (4) Time and sequence of eruption of the teeth (5) X-ray examination of the internal structure of bone sections (6) Microscopic examination of the internal structure of bone.
Age Determination by Skeleton↗
Mesoionic xanthine analogs as inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.
Several derivatives of two mesoionic xanthine analogs, mesoionic thiazolo[3,2-alpha]pyrimidine-5,7-diones and mesoionic 1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-alpha]pyrimidine-5,7-diones, were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. A significant number of these compounds demonstrated theophylline-like activity.
3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗