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PubMedDate not supplied

Biological comparison between three clones of Trypanosoma cruzi and the strain of origin (Bolivia) with reference to clonal evolution studies.

After isolating three clones of Trypanosoma cruzi (Bolivia), we first characterized them according to parasitaemia, pleomorphism and virulence, and then histopathologically. The study's interest lies on the hypothesis that clonal evolution of T. cruzi has a major impact on biologically relevant properties of this parasite. Data obtained from the studies of parasitaemia, pleomorphism and virulence showed no differences between the groups studied. As a final point, the histopathological study shows us a muscular tissue tropism both in clones and in their mother strain (Bolivia). In this paper, we conclude that Bolivia strain and clones isolated from it, pertaining to the same major clone share similar biological properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Egg Drop syndrome '76 in Bolivia.

Four outbreaks of Egg Drop Syndrome '76 (EDS '76) were diagnosed between April 1993 and July 1993 in the Santa Cruz Department of Bolivia, around the department capital Santa Cruz. Three outbreaks involved commercial laying birds and the fourth a broiler breeder unit. Clinical signs were typical of EDS '76 with decreases in egg production of up to 55% being recorded as well as the production of thin shelled and shell-less eggs. A total of 183 serum samples from the 4 farms were tested for the presence of antibodies to the EDS '76 virus using a haemagglutination inhibition test, with titres of 16 or above being considered as a positive result. Of 63 samples from groups of birds showing signs of EDS '76, 58 (92.1%) had positive titres, and 88 out of 90 samples (97.8%) from unaffected groups of birds had negative titres. Out of 30 samples from birds not yet in lay from the affected farms 28 (93.3%) had tires below 16. EDS '76 had not been reported in Bolivia prior to these outbreaks and vaccination was not practised. The most probable source of virus was from day old chicks imported from South American countries which had recorded outbreaks of EDS '76 before April 1993. The source of the virus, its spread and the control measures implemented in the Santa Cruz area are discussed.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1984

The microdistribution of isoenzymic strains of Trypanosoma cruzi in southern Bolivia; new isoenzyme profiles and further arguments against Mendelian sexuality.

132 Trypanosoma cruzi stocks were collected in southern Bolivia (99 stocks in Tupiza, 33 in Tarija), and were characterized using five enzymes (six loci). From these 132 stocks, a sample of 21 was studied using 10 enzymes (12 loci) to establish the genetic distances between them. Only five different isoenzymic strains were registered among the 132 stocks: the taxonomic status of these strains is discussed. The distribution of the strains indicated that a Founder effect was not a constant fact at the level of the house and of the suburb, but that a Founder effect was more apparent for greater geographical distances. All strains were transmitted sympatrically by the same vector Triatoma infestans. Genotype frequencies demonstrated the lack of Mendelian sexuality among stocks of T. cruzi from southern Bolivia, confirming our previous results.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of measles antibody among children under 15 years of age in Santa Cruz, Bolivia: implications for vaccination strategies.

We conducted a community-based survey in Santa Cruz city, Bolivia, to determine the age-specific prevalence of measles antibodies, determine factors associated with absence of detectable measles antibodies, and to compare results of salivary and serum measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody assays. Serum samples from 1654 children were assayed for measles IgG antibody using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, and salivary samples were also obtained from 187 children and tested for measles IgG antibody using an antibody capture radioimmunoassay. Reported measles vaccine coverage in children aged 12-35 months was 77% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72-81%). Eighty-seven percent (95% CI 85-89%) had detectable HI antibody, but a high proportion had antibody levels below 200 miu (30-40% of 2-14 years old children). Measles seronegativity was associated with not being vaccinated against measles, a negative history of measles disease, living in the inner city, being a lifetime resident of Santa Cruz, and young age. Of 212 children without detectable measles antibody, 58% had a positive history of vaccination or measles disease, so that historical information was not sufficiently reliable to identify susceptibles. The salivary measles antibody assay was not sufficiently sensitive to be used for population screening; only 54% of 171 salivary samples from children who had detectable serum HI antibody were positive. A mass measles vaccination campaign of all children under 15 years of age is planned in Bolivia in 1994. Although only 7% of school-age children in Santa Cruz were seronegative, the effectiveness of a mass campaign in this age group depends in part on the response to revaccination of children with low, but detectable, antibody levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae): ecology of the transmission cycle in the wild environment of the Andean valley of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

An active Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle maintained by wild rodents in the Andean valleys of Cochabamba Bolivia is described. Wild and domestic Triatoma infestans with 60% infection with T. cruzi were found and was evidenced in 47.5% (rodents) and 26.7% (marsupial) by parasitological and/or serologycal methods. Phyllotis ocilae and the marsupial species Thylamys elegans, are the most important reservoirs followed by Bolomys lactens and Akodon boliviensis. In spite of both genotypes (TCI and TCII) being prevalent in Bolivia, in our study area only T. cruzi I is being transmitted. Our data suggest that wild T. infestans and wild small mammals play an important role in the maintenance of the transmission cycle of T. cruzi. Furthermore, the finding of high prevalence of T. cruzi infection in wild T. infestans point to the risk of the dispersion of Chagas' disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Maternal education and child nutritional status in Bolivia: finding the links.

This study models various pathways linking maternal education and child nutritional status in Bolivia, using a national sample of children. Pathways examined include socioeconomic status, health knowledge, modern attitudes towards health care, female autonomy, and reproductive behavior. The data come from the 1998 Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression results suggest that socioeconomic factors are the most important pathways linking maternal education and child nutritional status, and that modern attitudes about health care also explain the impact of education. Health care knowledge accounts for less of the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status, with autonomy being the weakest pathway. Other pathways, such as reproductive behaviors, appear to influence nutritional status independent of maternal education. Overall, the pathways examined accounted for 60 percent of the effect of maternal education on child nutritional status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Characterization of rabies virus isolates in Bolivia.

In Latin America, rabies is still an important public health problem. Canine rabies, and wild animal rabies, especially transmitted by hematofagous and insectivorous bats, has become an emerging problem in the countries of this region. We received 363 samples with a laboratory-confirmed rabies diagnosis from Bolivia during l997-2001. From these, we could obtain 222 rabies virus isolates by intra-cerebral inoculation in mice. By antigenic characterization we could identify 147 isolates as variant 1, 2 isolates as variant 2, 3 isolates as variant 3, and 1 isolate as variant 5. Phylogenetic analysis of 84 isolates established that they segregated in 3 different branches, corresponding to 3 genetic variants, 78 isolates corresponding to antigenic variant 1 segregated in the same lineage as the antigenic variant 5, 2 isolates corresponding to antigenic variant 2 segregated in another lineage, and 3 isolates from antigenic variant 3 segregated in a different lineage.The genetic variant that mainly circulates in Bolivia is maintained in a cycle whose main reservoir are dogs, but it is not possible to discard the presence of other cycles, in which different species of bats or other wild mammals could be participating.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome-wide SNP data support species boundaries in sympatric Polylepis Ruiz & Pav. (Rosaceae) species from Bolivia and Ecuador.

Species delimitation in the South American genus Polylepis is notoriously challenging due to high morphological similarity and phenotypic plasticity, likely driven by hybridization and gene flow. Previous phylogenetic studies suggested that genetic structure aligns more strongly with geography than with taxonomy, questioning existing species concepts and hampering conservation efforts. We used double-digest RAD sequencing (ddRADseq) to generate genome-wide SNP data for 11 Polylepis species sampled across multiple localities in Bolivia and Ecuador. Population genetic analyses, phylogenetic inference, and network approaches were combined to assess whether genetic structure aligns more closely with taxonomy or geography. Morphologically defined species formed largely cohesive genetic lineages across regions, with species identity explaining substantially more genetic variation than locality. While localized admixture and reticulation were detected among closely related taxa, widespread species showed strong genetic cohesion and clear separation from congeners. Our results indicate that the sampled Polylepis species from Bolivia and Ecuador maintain distinct genetic identities despite localized signals consistent with gene flow. This genome-wide support for current taxonomy highlights Polylepis as a valuable model for studying speciation under gene flow and indicates that multiple geographic sampling will be essential in reconstructing a robust phylogeny of the genus, with important implications for conservation planning in Andean montane forests.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2002

First evidence of transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni in a Sub Andean region of Bolivia.

Using ubiquitous primers which amplify the variable parts of kDNA minicircle of all Leishmania spp, we obtained for Leishmania (viannia) lainsoni a major band of 605 bp (band 1) shared with L. V. braziliensis and a minor 524 bp band (band 2) specific of L. V. lainsoni. The specificity of the two bands was examined through Southern blot hybridization of kDNA PCR obtained from reference strains belonging to L. braziliensis, L. mexicana, L. donovani complexes with L. V. lainsoni species. Band 1 was not specific of L. V. lainsoni since it hybridized with some isolates belonging to L. braziliensis complex. In contrast, band 2 was L. V. lainsoni specific. PCR-based detection followed by hybridization with the new L. V. lainsoni probe (Band 2) and L. V. braziliensis probe (564 bp), was assayed using sample from a pool of 25 females of Lutzomiya nuneztovari anglesi, blood, skin and liver samples of 18 mammals, spinal cords of four mammals and blood and cutaneous ulcers aspirates from 95 patents from Sub Andean region of La Paz, Bolivia. We observed a ositive hybridization of four patients lesions and the pool of L. nuneztovari anglesi with the L. V. lainsoni probe. It is the first time that L. V. lainsoni is observed in a cycle of transmission in Bolivia. PCR products of three patients lesions and the pool of L. nuneztovari anglesi were also hybridized with the specific probe of L. V. braziliensis suggesting mixed infection in this focus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Prevalence of infections by hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses in two different socioeconomic groups of children from Santa Cruz, Bolivia].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The epidemiology of hepatitis A, E, B and C was analyzed in 1,393 children living in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. They were distributed in two groups according to the social condition. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 1,393 children were selected from two different schools: one attended by children belonging to a high social class of the town (group A), and the other school attended by children belonging to the poorest social class (group B). Blood samples were drawn by a team of physicians from Rome University La Sapienza. Serum antibodies against hepatitis A, B, C and E virus, and the hepatitis B surface antigen were evaluated by immunometric methods. The significance was evaluated using the *2 test. RESULTS: Antibodies against hepatitis A virus were detected in 82% of examined children, with a significant difference between the two groups (56.3% vs 94.8%). The incidence of anti-HBc antibodies increased with age, so the infection is acquired prevalently in adolescence with a significant difference between both groups (1.1% vs 3.8%). The same phenomenon was observed with anti-HCV antibodies (4.7% positivity only in group B). Serum antibodies against hepatitis E virus were observed in 1.7% cases. CONCLUSIONS: In Bolivia, as in other developing countries, viral hepatitis represents a serious burden for public health. Spreading of viral hepatitis can be controlled upon improving hygienic conditions and customs. Moreover, a vaccination plan against hepatitis A and B virus is necessary for the population living in endemic areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A first case of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni in Bolivia.

We present the first known case of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni detected in Bolivia. The parasite was isolated from a young girl living in the subtropical region of Carrasco (900-1000 m above sea level, Caranavi Province, Department of La Paz, Bolivia). The parasite identification was confirmed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Household economic strategies and nutritional anthropometry of women in American Samoa and highland Bolivia.

This study compares findings from research projects involving different genetic, environmental, and cultural contexts: a study of lifestyle and health from American Samoa (ASLS) and the Bolivian project. Reproduction and Ecology in Provincia Aroma (REPA). This paper presents analyses of varying economic strategies and their association with nutritional status indicators in each population. The ASLS sample includes 66 Samoan women and the REPA sample includes 210 Aymara women. Principle components analysis of household economic resources within each sample extracted two significant factors: one represents modernizing influences including education and occupational status, and the other represents ethnographically salient traditional economic behavior. The traditional pattern includes adding household members in Samoa and selling agricultural products in Bolivia. This analysis places each woman along two continua, traditional and modern, based on her household mobilization of economic resources, permitting an understanding of the patterns underlying household economic behavior that is not possible in univariate analyses of socioeconomic variables. For the Bolivian women the strategy involving more education and higher occupational status was associated with higher measures of several nutritional status indicators, including body mass index, arm muscle area, and peripheral skinfolds. But among the Samoan women, where substantial obesity was the norm, there were no significant differences in anthropometric measurements based on economic strategies. These data argue for the importance of directly measuring the potential consequences of variation in household economic strategies rather than merely inferring such, and of assessing ethnographically relevant aspects of household economic production rather than limiting analyses to non-context-specific economic indicators such as income. This focus on household strategy is likely to be fruitful especially where economic and nutritional conditions are marginal. The findings from Bolivia also support efforts in developing countries to improve girls' education, and thereby occupational prospects, as a means to improve their health status as women.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Attaining health for all through community partnerships: principles of the census-based, impact-oriented (CBIO) approach to primary health care developed in Bolivia, South America.

This article describes a flexible primary health care methodology which was developed by Andean Rural Health Care and its colleagues in Bolivia, South America. This methodology, the census-based, impact-oriented (CBIO) approach to primary health care, involves determining local health priorities as defined both by locally acquired epidemiologic information and by the local people themselves. The CBIO approach to primary health care is now functioning successfully at seven program sites in Bolivia, which together serve 75,000 people in urban and rural communities in three distinct cultural and ecological regions of the country. High levels of coverage of basic health services can be achieved through a system of 'epidemographic' surveillance of all families and through home delivery, when needed, of priority services to those at risk. When the services provided are based on local health priorities, when they are provided in a technically effective manner, and when the community has a strong partnership in planning, implementation and evaluation, then the CBIO approach to primary health care will lead to measurable health improvements as defined by changes in population-based rates of mortality and illness in the community. On the basis of our experience, we believe that the CBIO approach offers great potential for strengthening the effectiveness of local health programs in impoverished communities around the world in a way which fosters community ownership and, hence, long-term sustainability.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2003

[Prognosis of mono- and polydrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in the city of Santa Cruz, Bolivia].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of treatment in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) resistant to one antituberculosis drug (single drug resistance [SDR]) or to more than one drug (polyresistance [PDR]), excluding patients with resistance to the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug resistance). PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective review of all the records of patients with pulmonary TB diagnosed in an outpatient clinic in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, from 1983 through 1993 whose first cultures were SDR or PDR and who were started on treatment in the clinic. RESULTS: We identified 368 patients: 276 (75%) with SDR TB and 92 (25%) with PDR TB. There were 164 new patients among the SDR cases (59%) and 41 (45%) among the PDR cases (P<.05). The mean (SD) age of PDR patients was 31.5 (14.2) years and there were 165 (68%) males. The mean age of SDR patients was 29.4 (13.4) years and there were 50 (54%) males. Eleven patients (3%) experienced a change in the type of resistance (SDR: 7 [3%]; PDR: 4 [4%]) and in 119 cases (32%) the initial treatment regimen was changed (SDR: 84 [30%]; PDR: 35 [38%]). One hundred ninety-six SDR patients (71%) and 56 PDR patients (61%) were cured (P>.05). There were no significant differences in the cure rates in either of the 2 groups between new patients and patients with a history of previous treatment. Seventy-three SDR (26%) and 35 PDR patients (38%) failed to complete treatment (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The cure rates among patients who presented with SDR TB and PDR TB were similar to those of drug-sensitive patients; there were no significant differences between new and previously treated patients. The low cure rates were due to the high number of patients who abandoned treatment. Unless a system of therapy administered under supervision is set up it is not likely that these figures can be improved in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The productivity of small animal species in small-scale mixed farming systems in subtropical Bolivia.

The productivity of the scavenging, small animal species (chickens, ducks, pigs, hair sheep and guinea-pigs) commonly found on small-scale farms at the forest margin in subtropical Bolivia was monitored over a full year. Chickens and guinea-pigs were kept mainly for home consumption, while ducks and pigs were kept mainly for sale. Sheep served both purposes, depending upon the family requirements. In the absence of veterinary treatment, the productivity varied greatly between farms. Pigs gave the greatest gross return, but received the largest amount of supplementary feed. Under the existing system, chickens, ducks and sheep all gave similar gross returns per breeding female, although chickens produced good returns and made a large contribution to the family diet where the reproductive efficiency was high and the chick mortality was low. Mortality resulting from disease was a major problem in poultry, while internal parasites appeared to be important limiting factors in pigs and sheep. Guinea-pigs showed no major problems apart from theft, and were an important dietary component for immigrant families from the highlands of the country. Small animal species have largely been ignored by agricultural research and development activities in Bolivia and elsewhere. They currently make significant contributions to the livelihoods of poor people in terms of both income and food security, and this could be greatly increased by simple improvements in animal husbandry.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Female gender and wealth are associated to overweight among adolescents in La Paz, Bolivia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of overweight, obesity and being thin in adolescents of La Paz City, Bolivia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study, clustered sampling. SETTING: La Paz, Bolivia, August-September 2003. SUBJECTS: Height and weight of 525 adolescents (mean age 16 y; s.d.+/-1.3) attending public and private schools were measured; sociodemographic characteristics were assessed with a short questionnaire. RESULTS: The present study reveals that 9.3% (+/-2.5) of the sample are thin adolescents; 19.8% (+/-3.4) is the overall prevalence of overweight and 2.3% (+/-1.3) the overall prevalence of obesity. The odds of being thin were higher among those working (P=0.03) and among those of higher age (P<0.001). The odds of being overweight were higher among female subjects (P<0.001). The odds of being obese were higher among younger adolescents (P=0.046) and among the more wealthy ones (P=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: A large prevalence of 22% overweight/obesity in adolescents from La Paz City was observed. The findings support the need of enhanced nutritional surveillance and interventions particularly in female adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Atmospheric heavy metals in tropical South America during the past 22,000 years recorded in a high altitude ice core from Sajama, Bolivia.

V, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Ba, Pb, Bi and U have been analysed by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry in various sections of a dated snow/ice core drilled at an altitude of 6542 m on the Sajama ice cap in Bolivia. The analysed sections were dated from the Last Glacial Stage ( approximately 22,000 years ago), the Mid-Holocene and the last centuries. The observed variations of crustal enrichment factors (EFc) for the various metals show contrasting situations. For V, Co, Rb, Sr and U, EFc values close to unity are observed for all sections, then showing that these elements are mainly derived from rock and soil dust. For the other metals, clear time trends are observed, with a pronounced increase of EFc values during the 19th and 20th centuries. This increase shows evidence of metal pollution associated with human activity in South America. For Pb an important contribution was from gasoline additives. For metals such as Cu, Zn, Ag and Cd an important contribution was from metal production activities, with a continuous increase of production during the 20th century in countries such as Peru, Chile and Bolivia.

Air Pollutants↗