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PubMed1989

[Results of surgical treatment in patients aged 80 years and over].

Surgical treatments were performed in 31 patients over 80-year-old with lung cancer. Men were 25 and women were 6, the eldest patient was 92-year-old male. Pneumonectomy was carried out in 3, lobectomy in 19, carinal resection in 1, Segmentectomy in 4, and partial resection of lung in 2. Histologies of resected specimen in 31 included 11 epidermoid carcinoma, 15 adenocarcinoma and 5 other cell types. There was no patients died within 30 days postoperatively. The cumulative 5 year-survival rate was 53.9%.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1988

Cancer registry data: actuarial survival estimation in lung cancer patients.

Using the Kaplan-Meier method, actuarial survival data were estimated in cancer patients registered in the Cancer Registry of Health Institute of Uranium Industry during 1976-1983, and in those followed up for 3 years and longer after the initiation of their treatment. Due to the specificity of this registry, a more detailed analysis was feasible in 639 lung cancer men. The estimated probabilities of survival over 5 and 10 years respectively, were: In all lung cancers 0.10 and 0.08, in all Stage I and II lung cancers 0.24 and 0.20, of them in epidermoid carcinomas 0.31 and 0.25, in radically operated tumors 0.51 and 0.43, of them in epidermoid carcinomas 0.54 and 0.45 respectively. The results confirmed the principal importance of early diagnosis of bronchogenic cancer, especially of epidermoid carcinoma, at a resectable stage.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1979

[Breast cancer in males].

Until 1971 13 cases of breast cancer in men were observed in our service. In the world literature it accounts for 1% of all cancer of the breast; in our series we have found 4% of all breast cancer. Men present themselves for treatment later and with more advanced local signs than women. In our series, the greatest number of cases occurs near the seventies in men, which is about twenty years later than in women. The etiology is remained unknown, but Klinefelter's disease seems to be a risk for breast cancer. If there are no metastasis, we prefer in our service the surgical treatment as unique treatment. If possible the operation of Patey is realised, but sometimes we have to do a simple mastectomy only as a safe alternative for poor risk patient. In case of metastatic breast cancer the adjuvant treatment was X-ray therapy, chemotherapy and in some of our cases hormonotherapy. We do not have any experience with suppressive hormonal therapy such as orchiectomy or adrenalectomy. Most of the authors think that prognosis of breast cancer in males is worse than in women; the constant central localization of the tumour may be an explanation for that. The fate of women with central lesions is as poor as in males.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Serum cholesterol and colon cancer incidence in Hawaiian Japanese men.

A prospective study of cancer and coronary heart disease (CHD) in 8,006 Hawaiian Japanese men, aged 45-68 years, showed that serum cholesterol levels below 180 mg/dl predicted low rates of CHD and high rates of colon cancer. Men with colon cancer had lower mean serum cholesterol levels than did other members of the cohort, including those with cancer at other sites. The lowest serum cholesterol levels were obtained from men who died as a result of colon cancer. The lack of such an association with other cancers and the persistence of this inverse association in colon cancer patients diagnosed 5-9.9 years after examination suggest that the low serum cholesterol was not due to preexisting disease. Right colon tumors showed the strongest inverse association with serum cholesterol. The differences between CHD and colon cancer in respect to serum cholesterol indicate that different subsets of the westernized Japanese population are affected.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Public awareness of prostate cancer and the prostate-specific antigen test.

Prostate cancer and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing have been the focus of significant media attention. This study examines the public's knowledge of prostate cancer, knowledge of the PSA test, and among men, the use of the test. The data are from the 1993 Kentucky Health Survey, an annual probability-based statewide telephone survey of adult (18 years of age and older) Kentucky residents (n = 661). Although 92% of the sample reported hearing of prostate cancer, the respondents were basically uninformed about the outcomes of prostate cancer. Men 50 years of age and older were no more informed than was the rest of the sample about prostate cancer or PSA testing. However, 94% of the men who had the test recommended by their physician had undergone the test. These findings indicate that adults remain poorly informed about prostate cancer and possible case-finding strategies. If the American Cancer Society's (ACS) early detection recommendations are to succeed, attention should focus on improving the public's awareness of currently available methods for early detection of prostate cancer.

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice↗
PubMed1994

Decreasing cardiovascular disease and increasing cancer among whites in the United States from 1973 through 1987. Good news and bad news.

OBJECTIVE: Trends in cancer mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cancer incidence are assessed among US whites to determine whether aging of the population and smoking patterns completely account for increased cancer rates from 1973 through 1987. DESIGN: For mortality, percentage changes in age-specific rates were calculated. For cancer incidence, trends in age-specific rates across time periods and birth cohorts were assessed for several sites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: National US cardiovascular and cancer mortality rates and incidence rates for smoking-related cancer, breast cancer, and all other types of cancer in 10% of the US population covered by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program were analyzed. RESULTS: From 1973 through 1987, cardiovascular mortality decreased 42% in the age group 0 to 54 years and decreased 33% in the age group 55 to 84 years; concurrently, cancer mortality decreased 17% in the younger group but increased 12% in the older group. By 1987, even though proportionally fewer people in the older age groups died, relatively more of them died of cancer. Men born in the 1940s had twice as much cancer as those born in 1888 through 1897 and more than twice as much cancer not linked to smoking; women born during this period had 50% and 30% more of these same cancers, respectively. Rates of smoking-related cancers in recent cohorts of women were five to six times greater than in those born in 1888 through 1897, while rates in men declined. Recent cohorts of women also had more than twice as much breast cancer as those born in 1888 through 1897. CONCLUSIONS: In recent US birth cohorts, our model found that increases in cancer have occurred that are not solely linked to aging of the population and smoking patterns. In light of these results and similar findings in Sweden, changes in carcinogenic hazards in addition to smoking are likely to have occurred and need to be studied further.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic characteristics of malignant tumors of the digestive tract in Serbia 1969-1990].

The epidemiological situation of the chosen malignant tumors of digestive tract for the period 1969 - 1990, was analyzed in Serbia without autonomous provinces, based on the data of mortality rate. During this observed 22-year period the average standardized mortality rate (%000) was lowest for the oesophageal cancer (men - 2.2; women - 0.6) and gall bladder cancer (1:1.8) and highest for the stomach cancer (14.3:7.1). Men in relation to women died more of oesophageal cancer (3.7 times), stomach (2 times), colon (1.2 times), rectum (1.4 times) and pancreas (1.7 times). In both male and female population the highest average specific mortality rates were observed for persons over the age of 75 for all observed malignancies of digestive system. The standardized mortality rates for both sexes for the period 1969-1990 demonstrated the trend of increase for the cancers of oesophagus, colon, rectum, gall bladder, and pancreas, and the decrease for the stomach cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Lifestyle factors and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Sweden.

We examined associations between lifestyle factors and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study. Information on smoking and alcohol habits, socioeconomic factors, marital status, family history, and sexual habits were obtained from a questionnaire and a face-to-face interview with 256 (74.6%) eligible patients and 252 (76.6%) selected controls, frequency matched by age and screened for prostate cancer with negative findings. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs). Risk was elevated among current smokers of cigarettes (OR, 1.8) and current users of hard liquor (OR, 1.4); however, the lack of dose-response trend for both of these exposures argues against a causal association. We found tentative evidence that early first intercourse, a larger number of sexual partners, and other indices of high sexual activity are associated with increased risk. Similarly, adult height, an indicator of nutrition during childhood and adolescence, was weakly positively associated with risk, although larger studies are needed to establish this link. Unmarried men had a lower risk than married men (OR, 0.3), and socioeconomic status did not appear to be strongly associated with prostate cancer. Men with a father who had prostate cancer had a more than 2-fold increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas those with a brother affected had about a 5-folk risk.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Trends in epidemiologic indicators of lung cancer in the Czech Republic 1970-1990].

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the malignant tumour with the highest mortality in the Czech Republic as well as in highly developed countries of the world. The objective of the present study in an account on the incidence, diagnosis, treatment and mortality in the Czech Republic, at the Pneumological Clinic and the population in the district. METHODS AND RESULTS: The incidence and mortality rate from lung cancer increased during the past twenty years in men by 12% and declined by 2% resp. In women both indicators are steadily rising by 100 and 76% resp. The highest values of incidence and mortality in men were recorded at the end of the seventies and beginning of the eighties. During the investigation period a reduction of the age of those who died from lung cancer-men and women -was found, the increase in the group of 35-49-year-olds is 51% in men and 159% in women. As to histological types, spinocellular carcinoma is still the most frequent type, gradually the small cell type and adenocarcinoma are increasing in numbers. The authors investigated also differences in the epidemiological situation as regards lung cancer in the southern and northern Czech regions and compared the position in this country with that in other European countries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some positive signals (decline of the lung cancer incidence in men), lung cancer still remains a serious medical and social problem. An alarming feature is in particular the linear rise of lung cancer incidence in women and the shift of deaths from this disease to younger age groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Neural crest and multiple endocrinopathies].

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is a cancer syndrome which comprises three related disorders, MEN type 2A (MEN 2A), type 2B (MEN 2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), MEN 2A is characterized by the association of MTC, a tumour arising from thyroid C-cells, pheochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia. In addition to the thyroid cancer, MEN 2B associates pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, ganglioneuromatosis of the digestive tract and skeletal abnormalities. In FMTC, the MTC is the sole clinical manifestation. MEN 2 is a dominantly inherited neural crest disorder caused by germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene. The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which displays a cadherin-like domain and a cysteine rich motif in its extracellular part. Missense mutations at one of five cysteines clustered in the extra-cytoplasmic domain of RET have been identified in the majority of the MEN 2A families and in two-thirds of FMTC. A single point mutation leading to the replacement of a methionine by a threonine within the tyrosine kinase domain has been detected in almost all cases of MEN 2B. We have screened 170 french MEN 2 families and a germline mutations in the RET gene have been identified in 92% of cases. Moreover, we confirmed the significant correlation between the nature, the position of the RET mutations and the clinical phenotype. The accurate identification by DNA testing of individual predisposed to MEN 2 suggests new protocols of treatment. Thyroidectomy as early as 6 years of age in individuals with MEN 2 mutations has been recently advocated by clinicians. We further provide evidence that MEN 2A and MEN 2B mutations convert the RET proto-oncogene in a dominantly-acting transforming gene due to the ligand-independent constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase. Finally, we have constructed transgenic mice carrying the RET gene carrying a MEN 2A mutation fused to the calcitonin gene related peptide/calcitonin promoter. Animals of three independent transgenic lines developed C-cell hyperplasia and subsequently MTC with a complete penetrance. Taken together, these findings indicate that MEN 2A form of RET is oncogenic in thyroid C-cells, and suggest that these transgenic animals should prove a valuable model for hereditary MTC. Future work should yield insights in the signaling pathways subverted by the RET-MEN 2 proteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Second primary cancers after cancers of the colon and rectum in New South Wales, Australia, 1972-1991.

Data from the New South Wales Central Cancer Registry for the period 1972-1991 were examined to determine the risk of second primary cancers after an initial invasive cancer of the colon (ICD-9 153) or rectum (ICD-9 154). The expected numbers of cancers were obtained by assuming that subjects experienced the same cancer incidence as prevailed in the corresponding general population and by applying sex-, age-, and calendar-specific rates to the appropriate person-years at risk. The relative risk (RR) of a second primary cancer was taken to be the ratio of observed:expected numbers of second cancers. After colon cancer, there was an excess of cancers of the small intestine in both sexes (RRs of 4.5 and 4.4); prostate (RR = 1.4) and kidney (RR = 1.8) in men; and breast (RR = 1.3), body of uterus (RR = 1.9), ovary (RR = 2.8), and thyroid (RR = 2.7) in women. Lung cancer occurred less frequently in men than expected (RR = 0.7). After rectal cancer, men had increased risks of cancers of the colon (RR = 1.5) and prostate (RR = 1.3) and a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (RR = 0.3). A reciprocal relationship of increased risk was seen between cancers of the proximal (but not the distal) colon and rectum. Shared luminal risk factors for proximal colon cancer and rectal cancer and three syndromes of hereditary predisposition to colon cancer seem to be the major contributors to second primary cancers in patients with an initial colon cancer. Sources of bias have been considered.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Cancer in Kampala, Uganda, in 1989-91: changes in incidence in the era of AIDS.

Re-establishment of the cancer registry in Kyadondo County, Uganda, has allowed estimation of incidence rates for the period September 1989 to December 1991. The results are compared with earlier data from the same area, and from other African cancer registries. The most striking feature is the emergence of Kaposi's sarcoma as the leading cancer in males (almost half of all registered cases) and the second most frequent (17.9%) in females. This parallels the evolution of the epidemic of AIDS. There were also marked increases in the incidence of both oesophageal and prostatic carcinoma, while the incidence of cancer of the penis and the urinary bladder declined, possibly as a result of improved standards of hygiene. In females, the incidence of cancer of the cervix has more than doubled since the 1950s, and is now among the highest recorded in the African continent.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

Vasectomy and prostate cancer: a case-control study in a health maintenance organization.

A case-control study was conducted within Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound to evaluate the relation between prior vasectomy and the risk of prostate cancer. Cases consisted of 175 men newly diagnosed with histologically confirmed prostate cancer during 1989-1991. A total of 258 controls, matched to cases on birth year and membership status, were randomly selected from the general membership of the plan. Information was collected from mailed questionnaires and medical records on medical history, including prior vasectomy, anthropometric measures, family history of prostate cancer, personal habits, and medical care utilization, and demographic factors. Conditional logistic regression analyses showed that the odds ratio for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy was 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.57-1.32) after adjustment for confounders. The odds ratio estimate did not differ substantially by age at vasectomy or time since vasectomy. However, the odds ratio estimate for prostate cancer associated with vasectomy tended to be increased among men who had a father or brother with prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the increased risk may be related to detection bias or differential participation rates due to both vasectomy status and a family history of prostate cancer. These results suggest no overall association between vasectomy and prostate cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The relation of vasectomy to the risk of cancer.

We previously reported a strong positive association between vasectomy and the risk of prostatic cancer that arose in multiple comparisons made within data collected from 1976 to 1988 in an ongoing hospital-based surveillance study of many exposures and diseases. We have reassessed this association with data collected in the surveillance study during 1988-1992 from a new set of patients (355 cases of prostatic cancer and 2,048 controls with nonmalignant conditions). Because some studies have reported increased relative risks of lung cancer and testicular cancer in vasectomized men, we also used the surveillance database (4,126 men with various cancers, 7,027 men with nonmalignant conditions) to assess the relation of vasectomy to the risk of these and other cancers. In the newly collected data, the multivariate relative risk estimate for prostatic cancer in vasectomized men was 1.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-2.7). For lung cancer and testicular cancer, the relative risk estimates were 1.3 (95% CI 0.8-2.1) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.4-1.9), respectively; for lung cancer occurring > or = 15 years after vasectomy, the relative risk estimate was 1.9 but it was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.7-5.0). For pancreatic cancer, the relative risk estimate was 1.8 (95% CI 1.0-3.1). For each of the other cancers considered--malignant melanoma, large bowel cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and other cancers--the relative risk estimate was 1.3 or less and compatible with a value of 1.0. The present data provide little support for an association of vasectomy with the risk of prostatic cancer or other cancers. In addition, the data from two sets of cases of prostatic cancer and controls interviewed consecutively illustrate that increased relative risks detected in screening for statistically significant associations may tend to have an upward bias and to be lower in subsequent data.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Maternal factors of testicular cancer: a case-control study in Japan.

A case-control study was undertaken in Japan to clarify maternal or prenatal factors associated with testicular cancer. Information was obtained from 37 mothers of testicular cancer patients, recruited from the discharge records of nine hospitals in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. Thirty-seven mothers forming a control group were then surveyed at five public health centers. Each control was selected by individually matching the sex and birth year to a testicular cancer case. Univariate analysis revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the variables surveyed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, however, showed that case mothers had significantly fewer live-births than control mothers when the following four variables were adjusted (adjusted relative risk per live-birth = 0.43, P = 0.025): age at indexed birth, duration of breast-feeding for indexed child, birth order, experience of induced abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

Therapeutic uses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs.

Since the discovery and synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in 1971, numerous long-acting agonistic and antagonistic analogs have been synthesized. Agonistic analogs were found to desensitize pituitary GnRH receptors with chronic use, resulting in decreased gonadotropin secretion and a hypogonadal state. These analogs are being investigated as potential contraceptives and in the treatment of several conditions in which decreased gonadal steroid production is desired. Substantial progress has been made in these areas. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with data regarding the potential clinical utility of this class of peptides.

Contraceptive Agents, Female↗