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PubMed1975

Incisor size and diet in anthropoids with special reference to Cercopithecidae.

In 57 species of anthropoids relative size of incisors in highly correlated with diet. Anthropoids that feed primarily on large food objects (large fruits) have larger incisors than those that feed on smaller food objects (berries or leaves). This difference reflects a need for more extensive incisal preparation of larger food objects before mastication. Extensive incisal preparation causes increased tooth wear, therefore, enlarged incisors are probably an adaptive response to increase their wear potential.

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PubMed1976

Comparative study of the banding patterns of the chromosomes of Cercopithecidae. I. Subfamily Papinae: Macaca fascicularis and Papio sphinx.

The diploid number of Macaca fascicularis and Papio sphinx is 42. All chromosomes are biarmed. Using G-banding techniques, the complements of these two species have been compared. The topography of the bands is identical in all but one chromosome pair, showing a small pericentric inversion. The results indicate the existence of an extreme conservation in the arrangement of the genetic material and that changes at the gene level may have contributed to speciation in the Papinae.

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PubMed1977

Differential habitat utilizati of four Cercopithecidae in a Kenyan forest.

The presence of Papio cynocephalus, Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Colobus angolensis in a small coastal forest is attributed to their differential habitat utilization. Data on diet, space-use patterns and polyspecific associations are given. Habitat partitioning is found to be resource-related and is accomplished through differential reliance on resources as well as different means of exploiting overlapping resources. The implications of the data for understanding the relationship between ecology and social structure are discussed.

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PubMed1993

Quaternary environments and the evolution of primates in East Asia, with notes on two new specimens of fossil Cercopithecidae from China.

Primate faunas in East Asia since the mid-Tertiary have undergone a series of major changes in response to a complex sequence of environmental changes. As a consequence of the Himalayan orogeny and the rapid, episodic uplift of the Tibetan plateau, the climate of East Asia during the late Tertiary became monsoonal and thus more strongly seasonal. This led to the expansion of seasonal tropical forests and, in some areas, grasslands. During the Pleistocene, the climatic consequences of continued rapid uplift of the Tibetan plateau and other land masses (e.g. the Qinling mountains) were combined with those of glaciations, resulting in dramatic climatic oscillations between warm-humid and cold-dry phases. The contraction of tropical environments that began in the late Tertiary reached its peak at the last glacial maximum (LGM) and was responsible for the decline in the distribution and diversity of hominoids in East Asia. Cercopithecids, which were only minor elements of the late Tertiary primate faunas, colonized tropical, subtropical and temperate environments in the Pleistocene and were able to reradiate into those environments after the LGM. The abilities of monkeys to populate a wide range of terrestrial environments (eurytopy) contrast with those of apes, which are restricted to tropical forest environments (stenotopy).

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PubMed1979

[Cytogenetic study of six species or sub-species of mangabeys monkeys (Papiinae, Cercopithecidae) (author's transl)].

Chromosome banding patterns of six Mangabey species or sub-species are studied and compared. By comparison with the other Papiinae previously studied (Papio and Macaca) Lophocebus albigena and L. aterrimus possess very similar karyotypes, differing a most by a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome. The other four, Cercocebus torquatus torquatus, C. t. fuliginosus, C. galeritus galeritus and C. g. chrysogaster differ by a complex rearrangement of chromosome no. 10 and by acquisition of heterochromatin on chromosome no 12. No difference was detected nor between the two Lophocebus nor between the four Cercocebus. Cytogenetic criteria age thus in agreement with the morphological, immunological and hematological data, separating the two genuses, and placing Lophocebus closer to the Papio and Macaca than to Cercocebus.

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PubMed1989

Mathematical outline-analysis of eminence and fossa of the TMJ of Cercopithecus aethiops (Cercopithecidae, primates, Mammalia).

The contours of the eminence and the fossa of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of Cercopithecus aethiops, a monkey species, are analyzed in sagittal-vertical sections. The functionally relevant contours can be approximated by catenates for both the eminence as the protrusive guidance and the fossa as the retrusive guidance. This study reveals the more general character of the contour formula y = a cosh(x/a) - a. This may be true because all these catenates are similar to one another and since they can be found in the guiding contours of the components of the stomatognatic system in man as well as in Cercopithecus aethiops.

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PubMed1988

Species of the genus Papio (Cercopithecidae, primates) as subjects of biomedical research: II. Quantitative characteristics of contemporary use of baboon species in medical and biological investigations.

Independence of the five Papio species is evaluated. Baboons appear to be more similar to man than are other monkey species, which makes them a desirable model for use in experimental research to approximate human health conditions. They are, however, used less widely than macaques. Publications on baboons account for 10.3% of literature on the use of primates in experimental research. Baboons were most intensively used in surgery, then in hematology, cardiology, endocrinology. They were most rarely used in stomatology and in studies on infectious diseases.

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PubMed1987

Preliminary electron microscopic observations on ependymal cells in the caudal segment of the filum terminale and the ampulla caudalis of Macaca fascicularis and Cercopithecus griseoviridis (primates, Cercopithecidae).

In a previous paper, the concept of the terminal organ (TO) of the subcommissural complex was forwarded. Functionally this complex is a neuro (glio-) hemal organ which serves to discharge the Reissner's secretory material into the systemic circulation. The TO is characterized by structural specializations that make feasible the discharge and chemical decomposition of the secretory material stowed in the massa caudalis (MC). The TO is probably not only the ampulla caudalis (AC); it may comprise even parts of the filum terminale next to the AC. The boundary of the TO is uncertain as yet. It cannot be precluded that the AC, which itself varies in shape and size, is just a receptaculum massae caudalis. The material of the MC escapes from the AC either through apertures of the wall of the AC or of the filum terminale (Neuropori caudalis, slit-shaped gaps). It is also likely that the secretory material becomes chemically decomposed in the AC and is intra- (trans-) cellularly discharged. In this connexion, certain ependymal cells may be of significance. These cells exhibit large, tongue-shaped central projections (temporarily developed?) which bear a considerable number of long microvilli. The significance of these cells probably lies in the enlargement of the cell surface bathing in the CSF which contains the MC. These cells are most abundant in the area of the TO; single, isolated cells of the same type occur in other areas of the ependyma of some primates. This would indicate that the TO does not contain special types of cells not found in other parts of the ependyma, but that the TO differs from other ependymal regions in the density of peculiar cell types.

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