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PubMed1985

The effects of knowledge of child development and social-emotional maturity on adolescent attitudes toward parenting.

This study investigated the relationship between the combined effect of knowledge of child development and level of social-emotional maturity, and the extent to which this relationship affects adolescent attitudes toward parenting. The analysis of the data (multiple regression and canonical analysis) suggested that there were significant relationships among these variables. In general, the relationships indicated that subjects' negative attitudes toward parenting were associated with lack of knowledge of child development and low levels of social-emotional maturity, while subjects' positive attitudes toward parenting were associated with knowledge of child development and high levels of social-emotional maturity. The joint impact of knowledge of child development and social-emotional maturity factors on attitudes toward parenting accounted for 51% of the variation among the variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Manpower training and child-development services.

Making quality child-development services available for children of mothers in one vocational training program significantly improved the mothers' performances. On the average, mothers with children receiving these services stayed in the Job Corps longer and more frequently completed their vocational training program. Since longer length of stay and program completion show a positive correlation with a better chance of placement and higher initial wage, the new Job Corps program improves a mother's potential for economic self-sufficiency. In addition, mothers in the program are able to learn how to better understand their children and provide for their needs. Nonresident mothers in the new mother-and-child program performed as well as resident mothers. This similarity points towards the widespread potential for initiating similar programs in many vocational training and educational settings. If, as in the Job Corps program, providing quality child-care arrangements for mothers in such settings as high schools, colleges, other manpower training programs, prisons, and places of employment can improve the mother's general motivation, enhance her earning capacity, and improve her ability to be a good mother, then dollars invested in these programs will show a high return.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The Minnesota Child Development Inventory: a valid maternal-report form for assessing development in infancy.

The concurrent validity of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) was assessed by comparing the MCDI General Development Scale score and each of the seven area subscale scores to mental age on the Bayley Mental Scale. Subjects were 115 infants (8-30 months old) with suspected developmental delay who were referred to one of two hospitals' pediatric psychology services by their physicians. Correlations were obtained for the entire sample as well as for three chronological age (CA) groups within the sample. Overall validity was supported by significant correlations ranging from 0.75 to 0.91 in the total sample. Variations in the magnitude and patterns of correlations within CA were noted, and suggested groups for which certain scales of the MCDI may be less comparable to the Bayley. Overall results suggest that the MDCI may yield consistent information about the development of infants' skills.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings.

The Christchurch Child Development Study is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children who have been studied over an 11-year period using data from multiple sources including parental interview, medical records, teacher questionnaires and direct testing of children. The article provides a review of the major lines of epidemiological research examined in the Study. These include: breast feeding and child health; parental smoking and child health; the effects of low level lead exposure; childhood asthma; nocturnal bladder control; the effects of early hospital admission; the distribution of child health services; and the consequences of private medical insurance. In addition a number of general topics (sample attrition, measurement error, individual differences and causal inference) relating to longitudinal designs are discussed briefly. It is concluded that the longitudinal design is a powerful and cost-effective method of gathering data for general paediatric epidemiological purposes but that research in this area would benefit from an increased use of emerging methods of statistical modelling.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Tokyo Child Development Schedule. I. Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity.

The Tokyo Child Development Schedule (TCDS) consisting of 140 items divided into seven areas--gross motor, fine motor, self-help, play, socialization, speech and comprehension-cognition--was developed. Each item is checked by a caretaker of a child with a three-point scale: pass, sometimes pass and fail. All of the seven areas and the entire portion of the TCDS exhibited a high grade of test-retest reliability. All but two of the items showed good agreement between the results of the two-time ratings. In 53 children with or without autistic features, the total scores on the TCDS and mental ages on the Japanese version of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale demonstrated the value of correlation coefficient (r) of 0.779.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1991

The Minnesota Child Development Inventory: validity and reliability for assessing development in infancy.

The concurrent validity and reliability of the Minnesota Child Development Inventory (MCDI) was assessed by comparing the MCDI general development index score, and each of the seven subscale scores, with the mental and psychomotor age equivalents achieved on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. In addition, the co-positivity, co-negativity, positive and negative predictive values of the MCDI in identifying infants with a mental development index (MDI), or psychomotor development index (PDI) of greater than 2 SD below the mean were assessed. Subjects were 101 infants (8 to 19 months old) who were seen at a neonatal developmental follow-up clinic after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Correlations were obtained for the entire sample as well as for the two chronological age groups (i.e., 8 to 10 months and 17 to 19 months) within the sample. A strong correlation between the MCDI scales and the Bayley Mental and Psychomotor Scales was documented for the entire population as well as for the individual age groups. The overall validity of the MCDI in identifying infants with a MDI or PDI of greater than 2 SD below the mean was limited due to relatively poor co-positivity and positive predictive value. Although the MCDI may yield consistent information about the development of an infant's skills, this research suggests the MCDI has limited capacity to discern infants having delayed development.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1989

Exposure to passive cigarette smoking and child development. A critical review.

Past studies relating smoking during pregnancy (and afterwards) and later child development are critically reviewed. There are consistent deficits among offspring of smokers in stature, cognitive development and educational achievement, as well as more frequent problems of temperament, adjustment, and behavior, particularly abnormally high levels of activity and inattention. The meaning of these relationships remains obscure, since it cannot be assumed that these abnormalities of child development are caused by parental cigarette smoking. In most studies there has been relatively little attention paid to the potential confounding by social, demographic, and psychological differences between smokers and nonsmokers. It is thus essential to carefully balance the comparative impact of social and environmental influences that may be different between families of smokers and nonsmokers, versus the toxic effects of tobacco.

Adolescent↗