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PubMed1997

Effect of fat content of colostrum on voluntary colostrum intake and fat utilization in newborn pigs.

The effects of colostral fat level on voluntary colostrum and ME intake were determined in 25 newborn pigs during the first postnatal day. Within a litter, five pigs were obtained before nursing and allotted on the basis of initial body weight (BW) at 2 h of age to one of the five treatments: killed or ad libitum bottle-fed sow colostrum containing 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0% of total fat. A total of 24 feedings was provided at 60-min intervals, and pigs were killed 1 h after the final feeding. Total colostrum intake averaged 584.8 +/- 42 g (i.e., 436 g/kg of average BW) with the first two feedings accounting for 19.8% of the total consumption. Colostrum intake decreased linearly (P < .08) by 5.9 g/kg of average BW per 1% increase in the level of fat. However, GE and ME intake increased linearly (P < .01) by 7.65 and 4.09 kcal/kg average BW per 1.0 g/kg of average BW increase in fat intake, respectively. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase increased (P < .01) during the first postnatal day. Carcass fat deposition and fat oxidation increased linearly (P < .01) by .36 and .20 g/kg of average BW per 1.0 g/kg of average BW increase in fat intake, respectively. We suggest that increasing the fat content in colostrum has little effect on voluntary colostrum intake, and the practice may be an efficient method for improving the energy supply to newborn pigs.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

[Serum gammaglobulin titer in goat kids after colostrum administration: effect of commercial colostrum replacers].

Seven commercially available colostrum replacers were tested for their ability to substitute for goat colostrum as a source of gammaglobulin for goat kids. One hundred kids were fed with goat colostrum or colostrum replacer after separation from their mothers at birth. Blood samples were taken from ten kids at birth, and from all kids at 48 hours after birth. Samples were used to measure the total protein content and gammaglobulin concentration of serum. Kids fed with goat colostrum had higher gammaglobulin concentrations than newborn kids or kids fed with replacer. For three replacers, the gammaglobulin concentrations were the same as those of newborn kids. For three other replacers, the gammablobulin concentrations were similar but higher than those of newborn kids. For one replacer, the levels of gammaglobulin were higher than those of in newborn kids and higher than those measured after feeding of the other replacers. None of the replacers was an adequate substitute for goat colostrum as a source of gammaglobulins.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1980

Alternative and classical complement pathway activity in sera from colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal pigs.

Haemolytic assays were used to compare alternative and classical complement (C) pathway activities in sera obtained from neonatal pigs reared on porcine colostrum, bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin-free synthetic diet. Dramatic increases in immunoglobulin concentrations were noted in the colostrum-fed animals during the first day of life, but there was not a concurrent, marked increase in either classical or alternative C pathway activity. Whether fed on homologous or heterologous colostrum, neonatal pigs had a similar gradual increase in alternative and classical C pathway activity in the post-natal period. If direct passive absorption of C components occurs in newborn pigs, it has only a minor influence on functional levels of alternative and classical C pathway activity in their sera. In pigs fed homologous and heterologous colostrum there was, respectively, an 83% and 80% increase in classical pathway activity, but only a 13% and 12% increase in alternative pathway activity during the first 3 days of life. Pigs fed the immunoglobulin-free synthetic diet had a 37% increase in classical C and a 24% increase in alternative C pathway activity. Part of the increase in classical C pathway activity in the post-natal period may be caused by a stimulating factor in colostrum. Most if not all of the increase in alternative C pathway activity and some of the increase in classical C pathway activity is most likely caused by normal humoral homeostatic mechanisms in the neonatal pig.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Immunologic responses in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves.

The influence of colostrum on several aspects of the neonatal immune response, including lymphocyte reactivity in vitro, was examined in the calf from birth through 96 hours after delivery. Using a whole blood microculture assay, the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) incubated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined for colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) calves. The PHA and PWM stimulated significant levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation in both calf groups, although LPS was only marginally mitogenic. However, PBL from CD calves during the first 24 hours after delivery had significantly greater amounts of total label incorporation in response to the three mitogens as compared with the label in PBL from CF calves. Differential and total WBC counts differed markedly between CF and CD calves during the first 48 hours after delivery; CF animals had significantly increased leukocyte counts at 6, 12, and 24 hours, due primarily to transient neutrophilia. Blood sera collected from calves before ingesting colostrum contained trace amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG; all three classes of Ig (M, G, and A) were present in significant amounts in sera of calves after colostrum feeding. The observed effects of colostrum on various components of the immune system are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Complement system in human colostrum: presence of nine complement components and factors of alternative pathway in human colostrum.

Evidence has been obtained for the presence in human colostrum of all nine components of complement (C), C1 through C9, and factors of the alternative pathway. Samples of colostrums collected from five women at 1-4 days after normal parturition were assayed for the haemolytic activities of individual components. As compared with normal human sera, the activities of each component ranged from 0.03 to 7% of those in sera. The activities of C4, C7 and C9 were relatively high, while that of C1 was extremely low. In most of the cases, the activities of individual components gradually increased following delivery, when expressed as the activity per unit weight (g) of protein in the colostrum. When the colostrums were treated with cobra venom factor, most of the colostrums showed 10-20% reduction in the C3 activity. This finding indicates the presence of factors such as B and D which are involved in the activation of C through the alternative pathway. The role as a defense factor of the C system in human colostrum and milk is discussed in connection with the ability of secretory IgA to react with C.

Colostrum↗

PubMed2006

Injury switches melatonin production source from endocrine (pineal) to paracrine (phagocytes) - melatonin in human colostrum and colostrum phagocytes.

A large number of data show that melatonin has immunomodulatory properties and is produced by immunocompetent cells; also, some evidence suggests a 'feedback' of the activated immune system on the pineal gland. In this paper, we studied immune-pineal interactions in colostrum obtained from healthy puerperae and mothers with mastitis taking into account that, (a) melatonin levels in milk reflects pineal activity and (b) colostrum quiescent mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes from healthy mothers in culture are adequate for evaluating the ability of immunocompetent cells to produce melatonin. Here we compared the diurnal and nocturnal melatonin levels in colostrum from healthy puerperae and mothers with mastitis; this is a unique noninvasive model for determining pineal activity in the proinflammatory phase of a defense response. In addition, we determined the 'in vitro' production of melatonin by colostrum immunocompetent cells stimulated by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli or zymosan. Suppression of nocturnal melatonin rise in mothers with mastitis was highly correlated with increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion. This result, interpreted taking into account the presence of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B in pineal gland, suggest that the proinflammatory cytokine can inhibit nocturnal pineal melatonin production. On the other hand, stimulated, but not quiescent, immunocompetent cells secreted in the colostrum produced melatonin in vitro. In addition, this production ceases after bacteria killing. These results suggest that during the response to an injury the production of melatonin can be transiently shifted from an endocrine (pineal) to a paracrine (immunocompetent cells) source.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Neutrophil function and plasma opsonic capacity in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived neonatal kittens.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether passive transfer of IgG in neonatal kittens affects plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria in vitro. ANIMALS: 22 kittens from 6 specific pathogen-free queens. PROCEDURE: Kittens were randomized at birth into the following treatment groups: colostrum-fed, colostrum-deprived, or colostrum-deprived supplemented with feline or equine IgG. Blood samples were collected at intervals from birth to 56 days of age. Plasma IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion assay. Neutrophil function was assessed by a flow cytometry assay providing simultaneous measurement of bacteria-induced phagocytosis and oxidative burst. The opsonic capacity of kitten plasma was determined in an opsonophagocytosis assay with bacteria incubated in untreated or heat-inactivated plasma. RESULTS: Among treatment groups, there were no significant differences in neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to bacteria or opsonic capacity of plasma. In all samples of plasma, inactivation of complement and other heat-labile opsonins significantly reduced the opsonic capacity. Plasma IgG concentrations in kittens did not correlate with neutrophil function or plasma opsonic capacity before or after inactivation of complement. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The plasma opsonic capacity and neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses in vitro of kittens receiving passive transfer of IgG via colostrum intake or IgG supplementation and those deprived of colostrum were similar. The alternate complement pathway or other heat-labile opsonins may be more important than IgG in bacterial opsonization and phagocytosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on leukocyte and platelet counts, fibrinogen concentrations, and blood clotting in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient neonatal calves.

Effects of a single IV injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin on hemogram and clotting function were compared in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient neonatal calves. Before endotoxin administration, the 2 groups of calves only differed in their prothrombin times. After endotoxin administration, there were significant differences (P less than 0.005) between colostrum-fed and colostrum-deficient calves in total leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, nonsegmented neutrophil, and lymphocyte (P less than 0.05) counts and partial thromboplastin time. Significant time dependent changes were observed in the aforementioned parameters and in platelet count and fibrinogen concentration. Seemingly, colostrum feeding improved the calf's ability to respond to endotoxin challenge exposure probably because of improved granulopoietic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Colostrum immunoglobulin concentration in cows: relationship with their calf mortality and with the colostrum quality of their female offspring.

Samples of colostrum were taken from 180 suckling cows (beef cows) from the same herd, during the 3 hours immediately after calving over a period of 4 consecutive years. Total proteins in colostrum-whey were estimated by the biuret method, and concentrations of gamma-globulins determined by electrophoresis. The significance of the close relationship between calf mortality and gamma-globulin levels in the maternal colostrum was studied. An attempt was made to define levels suitable for the health of the calves. Twin birth, age at calving and food intake towards the end of the gestation period, whatever their effect on calf mortality rate, did not bring about any significant variation in the levels of colostral gamma-globulins. On the other hand, however, cows suffering from various infections had lower levels of colostral gamma-globulins, and produced a higher calf mortality rate. A high degree of repeatability in gamma-globulin levels was observed in colostrums produced by the same cow during successive calvings. A correlation between colostral gamma-globulin levels of a particular cow and those of her female offspring was also found. This result, which should be controlled on a larger number of animals, suggests the possibility of an approach of the problem of calf mortality, using a sanitary and genetic selection designed to reduce the number of cows producing colostrum with low levels of gamma-globulins.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A simple method for the demonstration of factors in bovine colostrum capable of causing anaemia in lambs reared free from maedi on bovine colostrum.

Previous studies demonstrated that the anaemia encountered in lambs reared on bovine colostrum and a milk substitute was associated with the presence of immune complexes on lamb erythrocytes. In the present study the usefulness of a panel of 20 sheep sera for the detection of "anti-sheep" factors in bovine colostrum by double immunodiffusion in agarose was investigated. Utilising this method, 353 batches of bovine colostrum have been examined, 132 of which were declared safe for use in the rearing of lambs. When fed to lambs, only 2 samples (1.5%) caused anaemia as compared with up to 20% before this test was introduced. Experiments designed to determine whether the bovine colostra, declared anaemia-prone, would indeed cause anaemia when fed to lambs, showed our method to fully discriminate between safe and unsafe colostra for the rearing of lambs. In a follow-up collaborative study, set up to cover most of the Netherlands, the general validity of the test system described was demonstrated, using 114 batches of safe colostrum to feed 723 lambs. Further experiments are needed to determine the exact nature of the factor(s) involved in this phenomenon.

Anemia↗

PubMed1984

A study of the acylcarnitine content of sows' colostrum, milk and newborn piglet tissues: demonstration of high amounts of isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk.

As part of a project to determine if newborn piglets contain less than optimal amounts of carnitine, the carnitine and acylcarnitine content of colostrum, milk and serum of sows and of serum, liver, heart and muscle of newborn and 2-day-old piglets was measured. Colostrum contained high amounts (370 nmol/ml) total carnitine, with greater than 95% being acylated. The principal acylcarnitines (approx. 45% each) were acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine . In contrast, serum from lactating or nonpregnant nonlactating sows and from piglets all contained primarily free carnitine and some acetylcarnitine but only traces of isovalerylcarnitine . At birth, the blood and liver of piglets contained very low amounts of total carnitine, which increased two- and fourfold, respectively, after 2 days of suckling. These data show that newborn piglet liver and blood are carnitine poor and indicate that the high levels in colostrum and milk are a source of tissue carnitine. The large amounts of acetyl- and isovalerylcarnitine in colostrum and milk might facilitate secretion of available carnitine.

Acetylcarnitine↗

PubMed1982

Effects of feeding ewe colostrum, cow colostrum or ewe milk replacer on plasma glucose in newborn lambs.

The plasma concentration of glucose was monitored for six hours in lambs fed either ewe colostrum, cow colostrum or milk replacer by stomach tube at one hour of age. The feeding of ewe colostrum resulted in an elevation of the mean (+/- se) plasma glucose concentration from 2 . 6 +/- 0 . 3 mmol/litre before feeding to 7 . 3 +/- 0 . 92 mmol/litre three hours after feeding and this elevation was maintained. A similar rise was observed in the lambs fed cow colostrum but this was of shorter duration. A marked hyperglycaemia was observed after the feeding of milk replacer with a maximum value of 23 . 4 +/- 1 . 33 mmol/litre three hours after feeding. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

Effects of feeding colostrum and a formula with nutrient contents as colostrum on metabolic and endocrine traits in neonatal calves.

Colostrum provides high amounts of nutrients and non-nutrient substances to neonates. To study differences between effects of nutritional and non-nutritional components on growth, health status and metabolic and endocrine traits, a formula was created based on bovine milk components which contained similar amounts of nutrients as bovine colostrum during the first 3 days of lactation, but only trace amounts of growth factors (such as insulin-like growth factor I) or hormones (such as insulin) in whey. Calves were fed either pooled colostrum of milkings 1 to 6, obtained during the first 3 days of lactation (GrC, n = 7) or a formula in the same amounts as colostrum (GrF, n = 7) for the first 3 days, followed by a milk replacer up to day 7. Pre- and postprandial blood samples were taken on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 for the determination of metabolic and endocrine traits and on day 5 we measured intestinal absorptive capacity by testing xylose absorption. Plasma concentrations of total protein and immunoglobulin G and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity were lower (p < 0.05), whereas albumin and urea concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in GrF than GrC during the first week of life. Plasma glucose concentrations were variably affected. Plasma triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in GrC than GrF on days 3 and 7. Insulin and growth hormone concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in GrC than GrF on days 2 and 3 and on days 1 and 2, respectively, and glucagon concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in GrC than GrF on day 1 and higher (p < 0.05) in GrF than GrC on day 3. Cortisol concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) on days 2 and 3 in GrF than GrC. Plasma xylose concentrations rose more markedly (p < 0.05) in GrC than GrF. In conclusion, feeding only trace amounts of bioactive substances appears to impair intestinal absorptive capacity and protein and fat metabolism and exert effects on endocrine systems in neonatal calves.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

Formulation of colostrum supplements, colostrum replacers and acquisition of passive immunity in neonatal calves.

Provision of an adequate mass of IgG from maternal colostrum is essential to health and survival of neonatal calves. Colostrum supplements (CS) have been developed to provide supplemental immunoglobulin when maternal colostrum is of poor quality. However, colostrum replacers (CR) that provide > or = 100 g of IgG have not been formulated. Our objective was to determine the absorption of IgG in newborn calves fed CS derived from bovine serum or CR derived from bovine immunoglobulin concentrate. The CS were prepared by collecting, processing, and spray drying bovine serum and blending with other ingredients to provide 45 to 50 g of IgG per dose. The CR were prepared by further processing bovine serum to increase IgG concentration to > 50% IgG and blending with other ingredients to provide 100 to 122 g of IgG per dose. Holstein calves (n = 160) were fed 90 to 244 g of IgG from CS or CR in 1 or 2 feedings in two experiments. Blood was collected from each calf by jugular venipuncture at 0 and 24 h of age and plasma IgG was determined by turbidimetric immunoassay. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was calculated. Plasma IgG concentrations at 24 h of age were indicative of IgG intake and averaged 5.5 to 14.1 g/L in calves fed CS and CR. Mean apparent efficiency of IgG absorption in calves fed CS was 25 and 28% in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Mean apparent efficiency of IgG absorption in calves fed CR ranged from 19 to 32% and were affected by method of processing and number of times fed. Treatment of plasma with polyethylene glycol reduced the efficiency of IgG absorption in experiment 1. The addition of animal fat to CR had no effect on IgG absorption. A second feeding of CR increased plasma IgG, but efficiency of absorption was reduced. Mean body weights at 60 d of age were not affected by treatment and ranged from 64.3 to 78.2 kg. Plasma IgG concentration in calves fed > or = 122 g of IgG from Ig concentrate approached (9.9 g/L) or exceeded 10 g/L, indicating successful transfer of passive immunity. Provision of IgG to prevent failure of passive transfer is possible with CR containing >20% IgG when fed at 454 g per dose.

Absorption↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of a colostrum replacer and a colostrum supplement containing IgG concentrate and growth factors.

The objective of this study was to characterize absorption of colostrum replacer (CR) or supplement (CS) containing fractions of bovine plasma. Immunoglobulin concentrate (IGC) was prepared from bovine blood to a final purity of approximately 90% IgG. Blood was also processed to produce a fraction containing elevated concentrations of IGF-I and TGF-beta (GF). Both IGC and GF were spray-dried and blended with other ingredients to produce CR (30% IgG) or CS (15% IgG) containing 0 or 5% GF. Holstein bull calves were assigned to one of five treatments: 1) Pooled colostrum (MC)--1.9 L of pooled colostrum at 1 and 8 h of age to provide over 150 g of IgG; 2) Low supplement (LC)--1.9 L of CS at 1 and 8 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG; 3) Low supplement + GF (LG)--1.9 L of a CS with GF at 1 and 8 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG; 4) High supplement (HC)--1.9 L of CR at 1 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG and 1.9 L of a commercial milk replacer (MR) at 8 h of age; and 5) High supplement + GF (HG)--1.9 L of a CR with GF at 1 h of age to provide 150 g of IgG and 1.9 L of MR at 8 h of age. Apparent efficiency of IgG absorption was higher for calves fed HC and HG compared with those fed LC and LG and was lower for calves fed LG and HG compared with those fed LC and HC. IgG concentrations at 24 h were highest in calves fed MC compared with other calves and were higher in calves fed HC and HG compared to LC and LG. Calves fed LG and HG had lower IgG concentrations at 24 h of age compared with those fed LC and HC. These results indicate that 150 g of IgG provided in one dose soon after birth is superior to 150 g of IgG fed in two doses 7 h apart. Also, addition of a plasma fraction containing elevated concentrations of IGF-I and TGF-beta decreased IgG absorption in the neonatal calf.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Colostrum production and colostrum quality].

The IgG1 which is transferred to the udders by an active process of maternal serum at the close of the dry period, constitutes by far the largest fraction in the colostrum. The majority of investigators believe IgA and IgM (and IgG 1 to a less extent) to be mainly synthesised in the udders; the literature is not unanimous as to the extent to which there also is a selective transport of serum to the udders. Increasing attention is particularly being paid in recent years to nutritional immunity which does not only stimulate the immunological response but also affords protection prior to the appearance of the immune response. In order to reduce the period of agammaglobulinaemia as far as possible, early administration of colostrum is essential, the more so as the concentration of Ig in colostrum is highest immediately post-partum.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[Various aspects of the colostrum supply on dairy farms and the usefulness of the glutaraldehyde test in the evaluation of the colostrum supply].

The serum gamma-globulin concentrations measured in 183 dairy calves on six farms (24-48 hours after parturition) were used to study the influence of quantity, time and method of administration of the first colostrum. It was established that the administration of 1.5-2 litres of colostrum within four hours after parturition results in the highest concentrations of gamma-globulins in serum. Assuming that in calves between 24 and 48 hours after parturition the lower acceptable limit of serum gamma-globulin concentrations is 10 g per litre, it can be concluded that the glutaraldehyde test is a simple and useful method in evaluating the supply of colostrum.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1976

Blood leukocytes, neutrophil phagocytosis, and plasma corticosteroids in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves.

Blood leukocyte patterns, neutrophil phagocytosis of killed Escherichia coli in vitro, and plasma corticosteroids were studied in colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) calves during the 1st 144 hours after birth. There was a marked increase in neutrophil numbers between 6 and 12 hours in CF but not CD calves, apparently as a result of colostrum ingestion. Phagocytosis was inactive at birth but increased quickly thereafter. Phagocytosis was more efficient in CF than in CD calves. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations were high at birth and decreased quickly thereafter in both groups of calves.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗