PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Cranial Nerves”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Histoenzymological analysis of mesencephalic auditory, tegmental and cranial nerve nuclei in the frog (Rana tigrina).

The distributions of acid and alkaline phosphatases, 5-nucleotidase, ATPase, non-specific esterase, specific cholinesterase, succinic dehydrogenase and beta-galactosidase are described in the mesencephalic auditory, tegmental and cranial nerve nuclei of the frog (Rana tigrina). The main results of the study are as follows: The laminar, principal, and magnocellular nuclei of the torus semicircularis, which are associated with auditory functions, show intense activity of specific cholinesterase. On the other hand, the commissural and subependymal mid-line nuclei, whose functions are doubtful, show a complete lack of this enzyme. The nucleus isthmi shows intense acid phosphatase, ATPase, non-specific esterase, specific cholinesterase and succinic dehydrogenase activities. Non-specific esterase is virtually absent from all the areas studied except the nucleus isthmi and the 3rd and 4th cranial nerve nuclei. Most of the commissures and fibre tracts show intense activity for beta-galactosidase and 5-nucleotidase. The possible roles of these enzymes in glycolipid and myelin metabolism are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Radiation-induced cranial nerve palsy.

Twenty-five patients with 35 cranial nerve palsies were seen at the Fondation Curie during follow-up after radical radiotherapy for head and neck tumors. The twelfth nerve was involved in 19 cases, the tenth in nine, and the eleventh in five; the fifth and second nerves were involved once each and in the same patient. The twelfth nerve was involved alone in 16 patients and the tenth nerve alone in three, with multiple nerves involved in the remaining six patients. The palsy was noted from 12 to 145 months after diagnosis of the tumor. The latency period could be correlated with dose so that the least square fit equation representing NSD vs delay in NSD = 2598 - Delay (in months) X 4.6, with a correlation coefficient of -0.58. The distinction between tumor recurrence and radiation-induced nerve palsy is critical. It can often be inferred from the latency period but must be confirmed by observation over a period of time.

Accessory Nerve↗
PubMed1978

Sympathetic connections to the fifth and sixth cranial nerves.

Thirty additional parasellar gross dissections and light microscopic examinations have been carried out, confirming a previous observation that the sympathetic nerve or nerves running with the carotid artery gives off a multitude of fine branches at irregular intervals on the way up, but the largest residual component joins the sixth cranial nerve and leaves to join the first division of the fifth cranial nerve. No similar fibers can be found by us to the sympathetic in the neck results in a Horner's syndrome and that section of the ophthalmic artery at its point of departure from the carotid does not result in any part of Horner's syndrome nor does secretion of the external, internal or common corotid in the neck, it is assumed that these fibers process the functions the absence of which result in Horner's syndrome.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1979

[Multiple recurrent paralysis of the cranial nerves (author's transl)].

The authors describe three patients presenting several episodes of paralysis of the motor and sensory cranial nerves and discuss possible aetiological factors. The paralytic attacks were regressive and were repeated at irregular intervals over a period of several years. It was confirmed that no local or general cause for the symptoms existed and the conclusion was reached that they were part of an autonomous clinical syndrome of unknown aetiology. Other cases have been reported in the published literature in which a non-specific inflammatory mechanism is suggested but no biological or pathological basis exists to support this physiopathological hypothesis. The clinical syndrome follows a benign course, the paralysis being regressive and the affection remaining confined to the peripheral nervous system of mesencephalic origin.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

On the fibers of the III, IV and VI cranial nerves of the cat.

The fiber content and diameter spectra of the cranial nerves III, IV and VI were analysed in cat. A semi-automatic technique of measuring fiber diameters is presented and compared to the manual method. The number of fibres was counted in the proximal part of the three main nerves and in each of their distal branches before they enter the EOM. Compared to the muscle weight, the branch to the RB had fewer fibers than all the other muscle branches. The diameter spectra of the proximal part of the three main nerves were compared with the diameter spectra of each of their distal branches. Minor differences were found among them. Only the RB had a striking difference in the spectrum which was skewed toward the large diameters.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1979

On the course and origin of cranial nerves in the teleost fish Gnathonemus determined by ortho- and retrograde horseradish peroxidase axonal transport.

By horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labelling the course and origin of the II-X cranial nerves are identified in the teleost fish Gnathonemus petersii. Roots as well as motor and sensory nuclei in the viscero- and somatomotor and somatosensory areas are localised. Earlier data of comparative and experimental anatomical observations are completed, partly confirmed or corrected.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An impressively large trilobulate neuroma of the XIIth cranial nerve (author's transl)].

The authors present a case of a large neuroma of the hypoglossal nerve of unusual size and weight, the precise nature of which could be defined only after excision, since its cystic surface suggested a diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma. The following special features may be noted: The rarety of neuromas of the XIIth cranial nerve; the influence of the relations of the XIIth nerve with the posterior belly of the digastric and the myloid muscle on development of the neuroma; the false, cystic appearance which may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of tuberculosis, which in itself, would be a contra-indication to puncture for cytological examination of fluid; the tendency to hemorrhage at the time of excision; finally, the possible problems related to nerve section.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Nonaneurysmal vascular pressure lesions of the cranial nerves (author's transl)].

Four cases of facial spasm and 1 case of oculomotor paresis are described. The source of the disorder in all 5 cases is mostlikely not an aneurysm of the vessels of the base of the brain. The literature is discussed and thereby it is shown that mechanical disturbances of other cranial nerves (II, V, VI, IX, XII) can be caused by similar vascular (nonaneurysmal) abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Sarcoidosis presenting with diabetes insipidus followed by acute cranial nerve syndrome. A case report.

Diabetes insipidus in a previously healthy 16-year-old girl led to surgical exploration of a pituitary stalk intumescence detected by oxygen cisternography with the use of tomography. Biopsy of the pituitary stalk contained chronically inflamed brain tissue. Subsequent liver and bone biopsies showed characteristic granulomata, confirming the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Subfrontal craniotomy was followed by a rapidly progressive basal meningoencephalitis with multiple cranial nerve involvement. The need to establish a causal diagnosis in diabetes insipidus is stressed. The rarity of the disorder and the presumed role of subfrontal craniotomy with regard to the flare-up of the sarcoidosis of the brain are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Co-activation of the M. transversus auris with eye movements (Wilson's oculo-auricular phenomenon) and with activity in other cranial nerves.

Extreme lateral gaze induces a perceptible backward movement of the upper part of the pinna (Wilson, 1908). In 29 subjects (15 normal controls and 14 patients with peripheral eye-muscle or facial paresis) electromyographic (EMG) investigation of the transverse auricular muscle with simultaneous electronystagmographic (ENG) recording of the various ocular movements was carried out. Tonic activity was detected in the transverse auricular muscle during extreme horizontal eye movements, but was detected in only a few subjects during convergent or vertical movement of the eyes, or in the primary position. Investigation of the other cranial nerves revealed that EMG activity of the transverse auricular muscle is also occasionally present during chewing, coughing, swallowing, straining, inspiration, and vestibular stimulation.

Cranial Nerves↗
PubMed1979

Identical twins with papilloedema and cranial nerve palsies.

Central nervous system involvement has not been reported previously as a manifestation of sarcoidosis in monozygotic twins. Twin sisters developed multiple cranial nerve palsies and papilloedema within a two month period. Clinical features and the course of their diseases were remarkably similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The dorsomedial nuclear group of cranial nerves in the frog.

The dorsomedial motor nuclei were demonstrated by the cobalt-labeling technique applied to the so-called somatic motor cranial nerves. The motoneurons constituting these nuclei are oval-shaped and smaller than the motoneurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. They give rise to ventral and dorsal dendrite groups which have extensive arborization areas. A dorsolateral cell group in the rostral three quarters of the oculomotorius nucleus innervates ipsilateral eye muscles (m.obl.inf., m.rect.inf., m.rect.med.) and a ventromedial cell group innervates the contralateral m. rectus superior. Ipsilateral axons originate from ventral dendrites, contralateral axons emerge from the medial aspect of cell bodies, or from dorsal dendrites, and form a "knee" as they turn around the nucleus on their way to join the ipsilateral axons. A few labeled small cells found dorsal and lateral to the main nucleus in the central gray matter are regarded as representing the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal. The trochlearis nucleus is continuous with the ventromedial cell group of the oculomotorius nucleus. The axons originate in dorsal dendrites, run dorsally along the border of the gray matter and pierce the velum medullare on the contralateral side. A compact dendritic bundle of oculomotorius neurons traverse the nucleus, and side branches appear to be in close apposition to the trochlearis neurons. A dorsomedial and a ventrolateral cell group becomes labeled via the abducens nerve. The former supplies the m. rectus lateralis, while the latter corresponds to the accessorius abducens nucleus which innervates the mm. rectractores. Neurons in this latter nucleus are large and multipolar, resembling the neurons in the ventrolateral motor nuclei. Their axons originate from dorsal dendrites and form a "knee" around the dorsomedial aspect of the abducens nucleus. Cobalt applied to the hypoglossus nerve reaches a dorsomedial cell group (the nucleus proper), spinal motoneurons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Of the dorsomedial motor cells, the hypoglossus neurons are the largest, and a branch of their ventral dendrites terminates on the contralateral side. Some functional and developmental biological aspects of the morphological findings, such as the crossing axons and the peculiar morphology of the accessory abducens nucleus, are discussed.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed1979

Quantitative electron-microscopy analysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI and of the extrinsic eye muscles in fog.

A comparative study of the quantitative data of the frog extraocular muscles and the cranial nerves that innervate them was performed. Oculorotatory muscles contain muscle fibres of at least 4 types which are arranged in heterogeneous layers. The zonal arrangement of the muscles does not occur on the cross-sections in the vicinity of muscle insertions. In these regions only two muscle fibre types are present and the total number of fibres is smaller by 70% than in the central region of the muscle. Most numerous are muscle fibres in the rectus inferior muscle, while the smallest number of fibres is found in rectus interior muscle. Three distinct types of nerve fibres are distinguished according to the following criteria: occurrence and thickness of myelin sheath, fibre diameter and ratio "g". The fibres with thin myelin sheaths indicate small diameters (1-5--6- mum) and their ratio "g" equals 0-82 +/- 0-08. They constitute about 30% of the myelinated fibres in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and about 14% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscle. Both the value of the ratio "g" and a greater number of these fibres in the nerve supply of the muscles that contain slow contracting muscle fibres indicate that they are rather slow conducting nerve fibres. The range of the diameters of the fibres with thick myelin sheaths is greater (3-5--13-5 mum) and their "g" equals 0-66 +/- 0-06. These fibres constitute about 70% of the myelinated ones in the nerve supply of the oculorotatory muscles and 86% in the supply of the retractor bulbi muscles. The value of the ratio "g" in these fibres indicates that they are fast contracting ones. The smallest diameters are found in the myelinated fibres (0-5--1-7 mum). These fibres occur frequently in all the examined nerves; they constitute 36--47% of the total number of all the nerve fibres. The frog extraocular muscles are characterized by an abundal nerve supply which is reflected in the low innervation ratio (1:4--1:5). On the distal cross-section of nerves the number of nerve fibres is greater than on the proximal ones. Ganglionic neurons occur sporadically around the nerves; in the nerve III synaptic contacts between two neurons were observed.

Abducens Nerve↗