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PubMedDate not supplied

Selected factors associated with professional attitude of baccalaureate nursing students.

To examine the association between professional attitude and selected situational and demographic factors of baccalaureate nursing students, 157 female students from an upper division major who had not had other college or nursing education answered a questionnaire which incorporated Osgood et al.'s Semantic Differential Test, Hogan's Professional Attitude Test, and an adaptation of the Dawson et al. instructor-leader behaviors. Eight hypotheses were tested. Professional attitude was found to be highest for students 24 to 26 years of age, who saw nursing as highly positive and highly active, had most formal and informal nursing experience, and perceived teachers as taking strong positions on their beliefs and relating to them with high consideration throughout their program and with low structuring when they were seniors. Professional attitude of students was not associated significantly with potency attributed to nursing, career choice, parents' level of education, or placement in sibling group.

Adult↗
PubMed2024

The importance of family-based sampling for biobanks.

Biobanks aim to improve our understanding of health and disease by collecting and analysing diverse biological and phenotypic information in large samples. So far, biobanks have largely pursued a population-based sampling strategy, where the individual is the unit of sampling, and familial relatedness occurs sporadically and by chance. This strategy has been remarkably efficient and successful, leading to thousands of scientific discoveries across multiple research domains, and plans for the next wave of biobanks are underway. In this Perspective, we discuss the strengths and limitations of a complementary sampling strategy for future biobanks based on oversampling of close genetic relatives. Such family-based samples facilitate research that clarifies causal relationships between putative risk factors and outcomes, particularly in estimates of genetic effects, because they enable analyses that reduce or eliminate confounding due to familial and demographic factors. Family-based biobank samples would also shed new light on fundamental questions across multiple fields that are often difficult to explore in population-based samples. Despite the potential for higher costs and greater analytical complexity, the many advantages of family-based samples should often outweigh their potential challenges.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Effectiveness of Caregiver-Mediated Spoken Language Interventions for Children Under Five at Risk of Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Caregiver-mediated interventions are commonly used by Speech and Language Therapists to support early language development. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) is associated with reduced quality of life throughout the lifespan. Understanding factors that predict intervention success is essential for developing appropriate, cost-effective therapy provision for the approximately 12% of preschool children who present with early markers for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions for under-fives at risk of DLD, and factors influencing intervention effectiveness. METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Five electronic databases were searched to identify experimental studies comparing caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions to control conditions in under-fives presenting with risk factors for DLD. Risk factors included prematurity, socioeconomic factors, caregiver language development concerns, and formal or informal language screening or assessment scores. Twenty-six experimental studies with 1407 child participants were included in qualitative synthesis. Meta-analysis was performed on nine Randomised Controlled Trials involving 947 children. RESULTS: Effectiveness was examined for outcomes including child language gains, child wellbeing, inclusion and attainment. Meta-analysis indicated a significant effect of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions on language outcomes compared to treatment-as-usual, non-language intervention or waitlist control conditions. Non-language outcomes were evaluated via qualitative synthesis. Interventions significantly improved language development trajectories for under-fives presenting with risk factors or early markers for DLD. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: This review contributes to the growing evidence base demonstrating that caregiver-mediated interventions can positively impact language development and wellbeing outcomes for children under five at risk of DLD. These findings support the implementation of caregiver-mediated environmental language interventions in clinical practice to maximise accessibility and cost-effectiveness while delivering optimal outcomes for vulnerable populations. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject Previous research on caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions has highlighted gaps in the evidence regarding the impact of risk factors, demographic characteristics, dosage and intervention components on child language outcomes. Developmental Language Disorder has relatively high population prevalence, estimated at 7%. Prevalence is associated with risk factors including low household socioeconomic status (SES), prematurity and late language emergence. In contrast to its prevalence, there is low public and professional awareness of DLD and a low diagnostic rate. Therefore, a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions is important in order to increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this underserved population. Timely and effective intervention with young children presenting with early markers for DLD has the potential to offer lifelong improvement to their wellbeing, inclusion and attainment outcomes. Recent systematic reviews of the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated language interventions had differences in population age range and diagnostic inclusion criteria. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Our review examines the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated early spoken language interventions on child language, attainment and wellbeing, and on caregiver self-efficacy and adherence to language support strategies. Our population was children under five presenting with risk factors for Developmental Language Disorder, in the absence of other neurodevelopmental or genetic conditions such as intellectual disability or autism. This review adds depth and detail to the evidence base supporting the effectiveness of caregiver-mediated spoken language interventions in improving outcomes for this population of young children, and factors that influence their success. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The high prevalence of Developmental Language Disorder, estimated at around 7% of the population, and the strong association with risk factors including low SES, prematurity and late language emergence, coupled with the low awareness of DLD and low diagnostic rate, mean that a strengthened evidence base and additional insights into the factors affecting success of family-based interventions can increase the effectiveness of service provision and care planning for this population. Timely and effective intervention in this group of young children has the potential to improve wellbeing and attainment outcomes across the lifespan. This review contributes to our understanding of how to implement cost-effective, socially valid and maximally engaging partnership working with families of young children at risk for DLD.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Determinants of three stages of delay in seeking care at a medical clinic.

Factors affecting delay were studied in patients seeking treatment for the first time for a particular symptom at clinics in a major, innercity hospital. On the basis of the patients' retrospective report, the total time from first noticing a symptom to the seeking of treatment was divided into three sequential stages: 1) appraisal delay--the time the patient takes to appraise a symptom as a sign of illness; 2) illness delay--the time taken from deciding one is ill until deciding to seek professional medical care; and 3) utilization delay--the time from the decision to seek care until the patient goes to the clinic and uses its services. The variables used to predict the length of delay for each of the three stages and for total delay included reports on concrete, sensory perceptions and abstract, conceptual beliefs about one's symptoms, behavioral factors such as strategies for self-appraisal and techniques for coping with illness, emotional reactions, negative imagery elicited by the illness threat, situational barriers, and socio-demographic factors. Patients experiencing a very painful symptom and patients who did not read about their symptom had a short appraisal delay. Patients with old symptoms and those who imagined possible, severe consequences of their illness had long illness delays. Utilization delay was shortest for persons who were not concerned about the cost of treatment, who had a painful symptom, and who were certain that their symptom could be cured. Patients who had short total delays were persons who did not have a competing personal problem and who had a painful symptom. All of these predictors were significantly correlated with the measure of delay at or beyond the p = .01 level. It was concluded that different factors mediate delay in each of the three stages and that studies which use only a single measure of total delay are likely to be of limited value in understanding delay.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2026

A reusable model of pangenome selection informs optimal surveillance strategies over vaccine introductions.

BACKGROUND: The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of disease, including pneumonia and meningitis. The introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs) initially reduced the burden of disease through a reduction of colonisation by vaccine-targeted serotypes. However, since PCVs only target a proportion of pneumococcal serotypes, they shift intraspecific competition, eventually allowing non-targeted types to 'replace' vaccine types. Understanding the host and pathogen factors causing replacement is important for future vaccine development. Mechanistic understanding of vaccine replacement dynamics is crucial for forecasting and optimisation of genomic surveillance strategies to evaluate realised vaccine effectiveness. METHODS: We developed a mathematical model of the genomic and demographic factors which explain vaccine replacement, used this model to replicate serotype-frequency changes, and investigated cost-effective genomic surveillance strategies. We extended a forward-time model based on the Wright-Fisher model, developing a user-friendly model framework that describes the post-vaccine dynamics of S. pneumoniae populations. Our model describes vaccine replacement as a function of vaccine impact, immigration of new strains, and negative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) on the accessory genome content. RESULTS: We used our model to study vaccine replacement in newly sequenced genomic surveillance data from Kathmandu (Nepal), and existing data from Massachusetts (US) and Southampton (UK), with distinct surveillance strategies. We showed that the model with NFDS better replicates replacement dynamics than a null model without NFDS, and that NFDS likely only acts on part of the S. pneumoniae accessory genome. We found consistent estimates for vaccination effectiveness across the different study locations and region-specific genes under NFDS, highlighting the importance of conducting genomic surveillance in each country of interest. By simulating data from the model, we showed that an optimal surveillance strategy prioritises per-sampling sample size over sampling frequency for small sampling budgets. CONCLUSIONS: Our model can be used to predict vaccine replacement dynamics after PCV introduction, and can be easily reapplied to analyse new data from vaccine introductions or new regions. Our model is available in the R package Stubentiger (Studying Balancing Evolution (NFDS) To Investigate Genome Replacement) on GitHub https://github.com/bacpop/Stubentiger .

Streptococcus pneumoniae↗
PubMed1979

[Ecology of indigenious arbovirus in Alsace. Tick Central European Encephalitis. I.--Complex Ixodes ricinus--bank voles. II.--Study of bank voles population immunity. III.--Virologic results in bank voles population (author's transl)].

I.--After showing that bank voles are parasited only by Ixodes ricinus larvae, the authors attempt to found different factors (demographic, biometric, and sexual) who favor individual parasitism. The authors conclude to absent of anti tick immunity for this rodent specie. II.--The search for anti-central european encephalitis antibodies (I.H.A.) are shown that 2 p. cent animals were immuns. Yearly and monthly chronologies of antibodies apparition are shown, factors favoring the growth of specific Central european encephalitis antibodies are discussed. III.--The Central european encephalitis tick viral infection of bank vole is studied according to the number of viral strains isolated from different viscera. The monthly chronology of this infection is shown.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Who Is the Ideal Candidate for High-Definition Liposuction? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: High-definition liposuction (HDL) enhanced muscular definition by selectively removing superficial subcutaneous fat. Despite its growing popularity and high satisfaction rates, no consensus exists regarding the ideal candidate. This systematic review evaluates demographic factors, patient selection criteria, and complication rates associated with HDL. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted utilizing PRISMA-P guidelines. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for studies published within the past 10 years. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria, comprising 9570 patients. Study designs included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and observational analyses reporting demographics, procedural details, and complications. Standardized data extraction was performed. Pooled analyses were conducted for hematoma and seroma, and univariable meta-regression assessed associations between mean age, BMI, and proportion of female patients with complication rates. RESULTS: Mean age was 36.0 years and mean BMI was 25.8 kg/m 2 (range: 18 to 66); 55% of patients were female. Selection criteria varied; most studies applied BMI thresholds (≤30 to 34 kg/m 2 ) and excluded poorly controlled diabetes, heavy smoking, and thromboembolic history. The abdomen, flanks, and chest were most treated. Mean fat removal was 4268.8 mL, with an average operative time of 235 minutes. Complication rates were low; the pooled incidence of seroma was 7% and hematoma was 1%. Meta-regression showed no significant associations between complications and age, BMI, or sex. Patient satisfaction was high. CONCLUSION: HDL is safe and effective across diverse populations; however, variability in selection criteria and reporting limits evidence-based definitions of ideal candidates. Further prospective studies with standardized reporting are needed.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Preregistration nursing student attrition and strategies to improve student retention in university; an umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: Attrition among preregistration nursing students remains a persistent international challenge, contributing to nursing workforce shortages. Although extensive research has examined factors influencing student attrition and retention, the evidence is fragmented across review-level literature, limiting clarity regarding priority and evidence-informed retention strategies. AIM: To synthesize review-level evidence on factors associated with preregistration nursing student attrition and to identify strategies that support student retention in university-based nursing programs. METHODS: An umbrella review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Six electronic databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed literature reviews published in English between January 2016 and October 2025. Eligible reviews focused on undergraduate preregistration nursing students in face-to-face university programs. Methodological quality was appraised using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. Findings were synthesised using narrative and thematic approaches. RESULTS: Seventeen literature reviews were included. Attrition was consistently described as multifactorial, influenced by academic preparedness, psychosocial wellbeing, socio-demographic factors, and institutional support. Retention strategies reported across reviews were predominantly relational, developmental, and sustained over time, including mentoring, tutoring, academic skills development, psychosocial support, and interventions that foster belonging. Faculty engagement and holistic approaches were repeatedly associated with improved student persistence. However, the evidence base was largely descriptive, with limited experimental evaluation of intervention effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Preregistration nursing student retention is best supported through multifaceted, sustained strategies that begin at admission and extend throughout the curriculum. While current evidence highlights consistent patterns of effective support, further rigorous research is required to evaluate retention interventions and extend evidence to flexible nursing education pathways.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Epidemiological overview of Cryptosporidium infection in Capra hircus from southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Objectives: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that commonly infects livestock, including Capra hircus, causing diarrhea, dehydration, and sometimes mortality. These infections lead to substantial economic losses in the farming industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors, such as region, season, age, and sex, of Cryptosporidium infection in C. hircus in southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 360 fecal samples were collected from C. hircus from the Kohat, Bannu, and Lakki Marwat Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Fecal smears were stained using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method, and statistical analysis, including chi-square tests, was employed to assess the association between Cryptosporidium infection prevalence and various factors. Results: The overall Cryptosporidium infection prevalence was 20.55% (74/360). District-wise analysis revealed the highest prevalence in Kohat (23.33%), followed by Bannu (20%) and Lakki Marwat (18.33%). Monthly examination identified August as the peak prevalence month (36.67%), displaying non-significant monthly variations (p = 0.075). Seasonal disparity indicated a significantly higher prevalence in the summer (30%) compared to other seasons (p = 0.008). Age-wise prevalence demonstrated susceptibility in kids aged ≤ 15 days (≤ 33.93%), with significant overall age-based differences (p = 0.001). Female kids exhibited a slightly higher prevalence at 22.22% compared to males (19.19%), with no significant gender-based difference (p = 0.479). Conclusions: This study highlights the influence of geographic, seasonal, and demographic factors on Cryptosporidium prevalence in goat populations. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing targeted preventive measures. Recommended strategies include farmer education programs, seasonal deworming schedules, early screening for infection, and strict hygiene and water sanitation practices to reduce transmission risks effectively.

Cryptosporidiosis↗
PubMed1977

Dogmatism and locus of control in young women who support, oppose, or voice no opinion on the Equal Rights Amendment.

This study sought to clarify personality characteristics of supporters of the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM) with specific emphasis on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Three matched groups of 50 female college students, which were comprised of supporters, opponents, or those who voiced no opinion on the ERA, were administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Rotter I-E Scale. The three groups did not differ significantly on either measure. Participants of all groups were shown to be somewhat externally controlled and to demonstrate personality traits that were not characteristically dogmatic. The disparity of these results with those reported by other researchers was attributed to the matched demographic factors that determined S selection and assignment.

Attitude↗
PubMed1978

Attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative.

This study examined correlates of seeking help from clergymen in the event of the death of a close friend or relative. Demographic factors and attitudes toward seeking pastoral help in the event of the death of a close friend or relative were examined in 116 subjects. Half the subjects were undergraduates and half were from local congregations. Age, sex, socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, marital status, and intensity of religious belief were related to favorableness of help-seeking attitudes. Findings concerning sex of the subject were consistent with those in more general studies on help seeking. The remainder of the findings were in the opposite direction from comparable studies where the source of help was a mental health professional and the circumstances for seeking help are unspecified.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of social learning on alcohol consumption].

The history of social learning in relation to the alcohol consumption of 50 heavy and 50 average drinkers, matched according to socio- demographic factors, was compared. The main differences concerned the situation at home and relations with young colleagues. Drinking on festive occasions, together with the parents, seems to favour normal consumption in later years, even if the drinking starts at a young age. If, however, the parents used alcohol as a means to relieve tensions, or if the subject was in near contact with heavy drinking young colleagues that rather despised people who did not drink much, an association with high consumption could be noted. No significant differences have appeared in the behavior of adult acquaintances.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Fetal loss, gravidity, and pregnancy order.

An investigation of the reproductive history of 3068 women doctors showed that the risk of fetal loss at a given pregnancy order varied with their gravidity--that is, the total number of pregnancies that has occurred before the survey. Fetal loss rates in even the first pregnancy varied with eventual gravidity in a J-shaped manner. They fell from 12.4% in women with only one pregnancy at the time of the study, to 5.7% in women with two, and then increased steadily to 36.8% in those with six pregnancies. This variation in risk remained when allowance was made for the incomplete nature of some of the reproductive histories. When gravidity was held constant, fetal loss rates decreased with each successive pregnancy. This finding conflicts with previous suggestions that the risk of fetal loss increase with pregnancy order and age.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1979

The choice of sterilizing procedure according to its potential reversibility with microsurgery.

Twenty-seven women were evaluated for reversal of previous tubal sterilization in the 2-year span beginning January 1, 1976. Of the thirteen who came to surgery, only seven were able to undergo reanastomosis. Five of these seven had had Pomeroy type ligations and two had ahd "one-burn" electrocoagulation. Six patients who had had "two- or three burn" electrocoagulation did not have sufficient length of fallopian tube remaining. Tubal patency was achieved in 87.5% of those who underwent reanastomosis. The pregnancy rate was 37.5%, with no ectopic pregnancies. Electrocoagulation is not recommended in healthy young women.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Doxycycline treatment and human infertility.

The role of mycoplasmas in infertility was studied in 120 couples. During the twelve months of the study 27 couples (22-5%) conceived. T mycoplasmas were isolated from 63% of these couples, and Mycoplasma hominis from 18%, compared with 56% and 13%, respectively, in those who did not conceive. 88, with primary infertility of unascertained cause, took part in a controlled trial with doxycycline. The couples in the trial were allocated randomly to three groups: 30 received doxycycline, 28 received a placebo, and 30 couples were untreated. Although a twenty-eight-day course of doxycycline eradicated M. hominis and T-strain mycoplasmas from 27 (96%) of the 28 couples harbouring them, the rate of conception was no higher in those treated with the drug than in control groups. It is concluded that mycoplasmas are not associated with primary infertility and that, although doxycycline eradicates them, this drug is of no benefit in the treatment of primary infertility of unascertained cause.

Adult↗