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PubMed2026

Distal Recirculation of Enteral contents Augmented Mechanically (DREAM) Promotes Intestinal Adaptation and Restores Enterohepatic Signaling in Short Bowel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) leads to malabsorption and intestinal failure-associated liver disease. Intestinal adaptation (IA) driven by sustained enteral nutrition (EN) is essential, but EN delivery is limited after major resection. We developed DREAM (Distal Recirculation of Enteral contents Augmented Mechanically), which enables complete EN despite SBS, and enhances IA. We evaluated its efficacy in a translational large-animal model. METHODS: The study randomized 20 neonatal pigs to EN (control), SBS (75% resection), or DREAM. Growth, serum biochemistry, cytokines, intestinal morphology, barrier integrity, hepatic histology, and gene expression (quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA sequencing, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Gene Ontology enrichment) were analyzed. RESULTS: DREAM prevented hepatic and intestinal injury seen in SBS. Serum bilirubin (0.11 vs 5.14 mg/dL, P = .0008), γ-glutamyl transferase (23.2 vs 114.6 IU/L, P < .0001), and bile acids (9.7 vs 39 μmol/L, P = .0026) were significantly lower. Inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, P = .0296; interleukin 1β, P = .0349; and interleukin 6, P = .0189) and portal lipopolysaccharide (P = .0130) markedly improved. DREAM enhanced IA, increasing linear gut density (0.38 vs 0.209 g/cm, P < .0001), villus-to-crypt ratio (P = .0026), glucagon-like peptide 2 (P < .0001) and restored occludin and E-cadherin (P < .001). Hepatic bile salt export pump and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase regulation were preserved (P = .0373 and P = .0034), and intestinal farnesoid X receptor, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5, and epidermal growth factor signaling were reactivated (P < .01). Transcriptomic analysis confirmed improvements in metabolic, absorptive, and immune pathways. DREAM effluent demonstrated >80% macronutrient absorption within 6 hours (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: DREAM enables full EN in SBS, restoring absorption, mucosal integrity, and gut-liver homeostasis while preventing intestinal failure-associated liver disease. This approach represents a promising translational advance in SBS therapy.

Gut Atrophy↗

PubMed1977

Dream report following commissurotomy.

This paper addresses the question of right hemisphere involvement in the visual components of dreaming. The rationale derives from an observed relation between reports of visual agnosia accompanied by dream cessation and the literature on right hemisphere specialization for visuo-spatial processes. All night sleep EEGs were recorded from subjects with partial or complete section of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Upon entering a EEG-, EOG- and EMG-defined REM episode, the subjects were awakened and questioned about dream content. All subjects examined in this fashion were able to recount some visual dream content. This result fails to support any notion of selective right hemisphere visual dream mediation.

Corpus Callosum↗

PubMed1979

Effect of certain cerebral hemispheric diseases on dreaming.

Dreaming may be altered by cerebral hemispheric disease. A woman who sustained a probable left posterior cerebral artery thrombosis, with right homonymous hemianopsia and alexia, had virtual cessation of dreaming for at least 9 months. Four individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy experienced recurrent painful (frightening) dreams, which in two patients showed features identical to seizures. Sleep recordings showed abnormalities in all four, including rhythmic temporal epileptiform activity during REM sleep. Lesions in parieto-occipital loci may interfere with production of the visual imagery required for dreaming (negative symptom in the Jacksonian sense) while epileptic activity in temporal loci may produce painful repetitive dream imagery (positive symptom).

Adult↗

PubMed1978

The effect of physostigmine on normal human sleep and dreaming.

Physostigmine, an anticholinesterase that increases the action of brain acetylcholine, induces rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in normal humans. In this study we show that man dreams during physostigmine-induced REM sleep. Seventeen normal volunteers were pretreated with methscopolamine and received one intravenous infusion per night of either placebo or physostigmine either ten or 35 minutes after sleep onset. Subjects were awakened at specific times after infusion and interviewed regarding any sleep mentation prior to awakening. Results indicated that dreaming occurred during physostigmine-induced REM periods but that physostigmine did not alter mentation during non-REM sleep. These dreams were similar to spontaneous REM sleep dreams in content, vividness, unusualness, and emotionality.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Dream phenomena induced by chronic levodopa therapy.

Twenty-seven of eighty-eight (30.7%) Parkinsonian patients on chronic levodopa or levodopa/carbidopa therapy developed drug related dream phenomena. The patients reported three separate types of new dreams which we have classified as vivid dreams, night terrors and nightmares. These dreams are correlated to the duration of levodopa therapy although the mechanism of their production is unclear.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Colours experienced in dreams.

Colours seen in dreams by six observers were recorded from memory and plotted on a CIE u, v, chromaticity diagram. Only about half the dreams recorded contained colour, and in those in which colour appeared the more saturated purples, blues and blue greens were absent. It is suggested that during achromatic dreams the areas of the visual cortex which seem to respond only to colour may be inoperative. The paucity of blue in dreams could be anatomically related to the small population of blue units in the colour areas of the cortex.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An integrative model for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The place of sleep and dreams revisited.

The functions and dysfunctions of slow wave sleep and of REM sleep and its associated dreams have a tremendous significance in understanding the psychosomatic model of illness and in establishing preventive strategies. Ten patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic illnessess spent 3-4 nights sleeping at the Dream Laboratory. A psychiatric evaluation was carried out and those suffering from schizophrenia, severe depression, acute stage of physical illness and organic deficits were not accepted for the study. It was postulated that increased psychosomatic 'penetrance' as measured by poverty of fantasy life, feelings of helplessness, absence of dream reports, vacant and contrived emotional expression and poor psychological mindedness would be correlated with psychological test results (IPAT anxiety Scale and Zung Depression Rating Scale), manifest dream content analysis and particular REM and stage 4 deficit. The higher psychosomatic 'penetrance' in our study was not found in all patients with a psychosomatic diagnosis but rather in those patients suffering from ulcerative colitis. The degree of 'penetrance' was related to specific physiological, psychological and interpersonal parameters. Based on these findings a spectrum of clinical and physiological criteria of selection for particular therapeutic intervention was presented.

Adult↗

PubMed2026

DREAMS illuminates spatial DNA and RNA modification landscapes.

DNA and RNA modifications regulate gene expression and RNA processing, but their spatial organization in complex tissues remains elusive. Here we developed DNA RNA Elements Areal Mass Spectrometry (DREAMS), a mass spectrometry imaging platform that spatially maps diverse nucleic acid modifications simultaneously. Applying DREAMS to TET-deficient mouse brains (Tet1Δ/Δ and triple Tet1/2/3Δ/Δ), we uncover TET1's unexpected role in modulating N1-methyladenosine (m1A), a pivotal RNA modification. While DREAMS reveals broad modification landscapes altered across TET knockouts, we identify TET1-mediated changes in m1A that correlate with transcriptome alterations. Our work establishes DREAMS as a transformative tool for spatial epigenomics/epitranscriptomics and suggests that TET enzymes could influence multiple DNA and RNA modifications with potential gatekeeping roles in nucleic acid regulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Analysis of dream contents by scaled and rated measurements.

The study was undertaken in order to test a dream-rating scale and to propose some modifications, especially for use in laboratory situations where the effect of a given experimental factor is to be assessed on mental activity in sleep. Dreams collected from normal subjects under EEG monitoring were analysed in detail in order to establish definitions for each rating point of each dimension of the rating scale. The scoring of a second set of dreams by two judges using this scale resulted in an inter-rater agreement significantly above the level of chance agreement.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

The role of dreams in sex therapy.

The interpretive use of dreams has become an established part of all dynamic psychotherapies. Their usefulness in sex therapy has thus far not been acknowledged. For the psychodynamically oriented sex therapist dreams can be particularly valuable in furnishing an understanding of those unconscious factors that cause sexual dysfunction, those that perpetuate dysfunction, and those that interfere with efforts to treat the dysfunction. By utilizing and integrating dream material into the sex therapy format, treatment is more likely to be successful and in a shorter period of time than can be accomplished by either sex therapy or psychoanalytic psychotherapy alone.

Conflict, Psychological↗

PubMed1975

Systematic desensitization to reduce dream-induced anxiety.

A modified version of systematic desensitization was used to reduce the anxiety and negative interpersonal consequences produced by a recurrent aversive dream resulting from events in the real world. The subject, a 16-year-old incarcerated male, was first taught a standard relaxation technique. The subject's dream was divided into 12 hierarchical imaginal scenes. Following initial relaxation, each scene was sequentially introduced and followed by the therapist's suggestion that the subject was still very relaxed. After three sessions with the therapists and several practice sessions by himself, the subject reported no further anxiety to the dream (which continued to occur) and improved relations with the institutional staff. Six months of follow-up showed no recurrence of the anxiety or the subsequent irritability which the subject had initially reported as leading to negative interpersonal relations with the staff.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Benzodiazepine-induced modifications of dream content: the effect of flunitrazepam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine with strong hypnotic properties, on dream content. Eight normal subjects were studied in laboratory by the awakening technique, and the dream contents were rated by two judges according to nine scaled dimensions: unreality, participation of the dreamer, pleasantness, unpleasantness, verbal aggresivity, physical aggressivity, sexuality, sensoriality and time of reference in the dreamer's life. By comparison with placebo condition, flunitrazepam induced more unpleasantness, more verbal aggressivity, more physical aggressivity, and more sexuality in dreams. This increase of emotionally loaded contents can be related to a disinhibitory effect of this drug, and the possible involvement of dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems is discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic and structural features of a case of compulsive neurosis as revealed in dreams.

Several examples of the manifest dreams reported by a patient with a compulsive neurosis are presented. An outstanding feature of the dreams was the sudden shift of the dreamer's self-representation from the role of criminal to the role of policeman. This shift is thought to parallel the oscillation between unconscious instinctual gratification and conscious attempts at reparation which is the main dynamic feature of the compulsive neurosis in waking life. The shift of orientation of the self reflects the operation of early defense mechanisms against the sadistic impulse. It also portrays graphically an early stage in the internalization process which leads ultimately to the creation of the superego. The repetitive nature of the dreams indicated that the patient had become fixated at this particular point in the course of his psychic development. It is interesting to note that like the Rat Man this patient suffered from a chronically undescended testicle. The real defect in the sexual apparatus in both patients may have been a factor which favored regression of the libido from the genital stage to the anal-sadistic stage.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Do dreams have meaning? An empirical inquiry.

Three judges attempted to sort randomly selected dreams of normal college students and schizophrenic patients according to dreamer, night of occurrence, and sequential order within a night. Sorting was successful at statistically significant levels (which differed for the two groups) for all but the third task. The authors conclude that dreams are, as depth psychologists have assumed, orderly nonrandom events and that they reflect day-to-day changes in the life of an individual. They note that further work is needed to determine whether there is order among dreams of a given night.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

REM and dreaming.

4 subjects were awakened after long REM periods and 12 other subjects after short REM and after NREMs. The mean numbers of words, dream episodes, and spontaneous remarks about being interrupted in the middle of a dream were significantly different in the reports of the three groups. It is suggested that the present view of the relationship between REM and dreaming is not conclusive.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The neurobiological origins of psychoanalytic dream theory.

Freud built his model of the mind and his hypotheses about dreaming directly on the structure of his neurobiological model of the brain, which was developed in the "Project for a Scientific Psychology", written in 1895. Among the concepts modeled in this work were ego, somatic drives as motivationally critical, cathexes of psychic energy, wish fulfillment, and primary and secondary process. From the vantage point of more than 80 years later, the authors indicate the areas in which many of Freud's neurobiological assumptions are inacurrate. Revisions are needed in the neurobiologically derived psychoanalytic concepts, especially those of Freud's wish fulfillment-disguise theory of dreams.

Austria↗

PubMed1979

Names and dream-work.

Four dreams are reported in which associations leading to previously unacknowledged material were elicited by asking about names. Inquiry into names and distortions of names (rhymes, puns, contractions, initials, visual symbols) is a useful technique in the provocation of emotionally-laden connections. A possible explanation lies in the parallel between naturally occurring name transformations and the dream work of regression, displacement, condensation and symbolization.

Dreams↗

PubMed1977

On dreaming at sleep onset.

The position that dreaming occurs exclusively during REM sleep, which has its first onset after sixty to ninety minutes of nonREM sleep, has been effectively refuted in sleep laboratories but remains uncorrected in the psychoanalytic literature. Examples of hallucinatory activity occurring during the sleep onset period and during a brief nap are shown to have all the characteristics of dreams, including latent content related to repressed material from childhood.

Dreams↗