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PubMed1995

Mortality and income inequality among economically developed countries.

The absence of a correlation between age-adjusted death rates and the average income levels of economically developed countries has led researchers to conclude that income does not affect the mortality levels of economically developed countries. The mortality experiences of the former Soviet Union and some of the eastern European countries have further brought into question the importance of income's distribution in determining mortality among economically developed countries; prior to its breakup, the income distribution of the Soviet Union was as equal as that of Sweden, yet the life expectancy of the Soviets has been dramatically shorter than that of the Swedes. Using insights from a longitudinal microanalysis of U.S. mortality, this study presents evidence that, even for economically developed countries, the income distribution of a nation is an important determinant of its mortality. The results of this study also suggest that the relatively unequal income distribution of the United States is an important contributing factor to its low life expectancy relative to other high-income countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

How economic development and family planning programs combined to reduce Indonesian fertility.

This paper examines the contributions of family planning programs, economic development, and women's status to Indonesian fertility decline from 1982 to 1987. Methodologically we unify seemingly conflicting demographic and economic frameworks into a single "structural" proximate-cause model as well as controlling statistically for the targeted (nonrandom) placement of family planning program inputs. The results are consistent with both frameworks: 75% of the fertility decline resulted from increased contraceptive use, but was induced primarily through economic development and improved education and economic opportunities for females. Even so, the dramatic impact of the changes in demand-side factors (education and economic development) on contraceptive use was possible only because there already existed a highly responsive contraceptive supply delivery system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Economic development, urbanization, and urban concentration: an attempt at a synthesis].

The relationship between economic development and urbanization in developing countries is reviewed. The authors conclude that urbanization is a necessary but not in itself a sufficient condition of development. They note that policies designed to either encourage or discourage urbanization have proved ineffective. Problems encountered are primarily due to the fact that, although urbanization is not occurring in developing countries at the same rate as it did previously in today's developed ones, the overall rate of population growth is much higher. "The degree of concentration of urban systems reflects a moving equilibrium between economies of agglomeration (centripetal), and diseconomies (centrifugal) and distance costs. Big city environmental costs are externalities not reflected in market prices, and which public authorities are called upon to manage. The choice of public investment in infrastructures can influence, marginally, the patterns of urban systems." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed2001

Social economic development in the prevention of global blindness.

AIMS: To assess the relation between a country's economic developmental status and its prevalence of blindness. METHODS: Available epidemiological data on worldwide visual loss and its causes compiled by the World Health Organization were reviewed. Findings were compared with economic development data from the involved countries and regions. Analysis was completed in view of the socioeconomic status of each country and region. RESULTS: Analysis of the global distribution of blindness indicates a trend of higher prevalence existing in developing countries with lower per capita income. Preventable causes of blindness (that is, cataract, trachoma) are also more prevalent in these countries. CONCLUSIONS: Because economic development is shown to be a factor in blindness, programmes for blindness prevention should not be the only route to the elimination of unnecessary blindness throughout the world. Concomitant economic development is also necessary to reduce and eventually eradicate much of the preventable and avoidable causes of blindness.

Blindness↗
PubMed1999

Dental caries, socio-economic development and national oral health policies.

A relationship between a population's level of socio-economic development and dental caries has often been assumed. Proxy measures such as sugar consumption have been used to reflect this. This study tests the hypothesis that there is a relationship between dental caries and the level of socio-economic development, using recent international data. It goes on to explore the implications of this relationship for the development of national oral health policies. Dental caries data was obtained from the WHO, Global Oral Epidemiology Data Bank for the period 1981-1996. Socio-economic data was obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Countries were ranked according to the Human Development Index (HDI) and their GNP. The study confirms the existence of a relationship between dental caries and development. Caries is a good proxy measure for socio-economic development. Countries in the throes of socio-economic transition have the highest DMFT scores.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Economic development and urban spatial distribution in Mexico, 1960-1990].

"This study describes general links between economic development and urbanization in Mexico in the periods from 1960 to 1980 and 1980 to 1990. Changes observed in production structure are compared with the dynamics of urban development, according to the increase in the number of cities, modifications in urbanization levels and increases in absolute urban population size. During the [1980s], there seemed to be a change in Mexico's process of urbanization, characterized by a sudden deceleration and sharp fall in the power of the country's four main metropolitan areas to concentrate large populations as they had done up to 1980." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1993

Population growth and economic development revisited with reference to Asia.

"This article takes another look at the old issue of population growth and economic development in the context of recent developments and with the benefit of the increasing stock of knowledge on the subject. It first presents a demographic perspective; then it analyzes the implications of population growth with respect to such integral aspects of economic development as human capital accumulation, income distribution and poverty, the environment, and sustainable economic growth. The approach in each case is to review the theoretical considerations, survey the empirical evidence, and then draw policy implications. An overall conclusion with implications for policy caps the paper." The geographical focus is on Asia.

Asia↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between supporting economic development and enhancing population quality in China's poverty-stricken areas.

"In order to qualitatively portray the combined quality level of community population and societal development [in China], this author has developed a model for evaluating the quality of population and development in poor communities (or regions) and comparing cross-region developmental differences on the basis of an in-depth field study conducted in some poor counties and communities."

Asia↗