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PubMed1979

[Study of 357 cases of phlebitis of the lower extremities in 2 inter-regional samplings. I. Methods, epidemiological data and analysis of etiopathogenetic elements].

Using a specially designed record card, 357 cases of superficial and deep thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis of the lower extremities have been investigated. Of these 261 were observed in Piedmont and 96 in the Trentino region. A comparative study of aetiopathogenetic data in the two regions was made possible by means of punched cards and subsequent computer processing. The study was completed by statistical analysis. Apart from the region of birth and residence, sex (prevalently female) and age which in both samples mainly affects subjects aged between 30 and 45, the type of working activity was considered in relation to sex and age, frequency of absenteeism (higher in Piedmont), family history of venous disease, incidence of orthostatism, the use of contraceptive pills, the period in which the first clinical signs occurred with considerable diversity between the two regions, traumas (more frequent in Piedmont) and the incidence of the different causes which was vastly different in the two samples, were assessed. On the basis of the comparative data obtained, an interpretation of the real significance of the results is attempted, reference also being made to the type of population under examination, the Piedmontese being considered of mixed strain and the Trentino pure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A comparison of dietary methods in epidemiologic studies.

Three methods of estimating group and individual dietary consumption have been developed and assessed in a case-control study of diet and breast cancer. The methods comprised a 24-hour recall, a detailed quantitative diet history directed to the most recent two-month period and the two-month period six months before, and a four-day diet diary. There is a high degree of correlation between the estimates of food consumption for the controls using each of the methods. The highest estimate was obtained from the diet history, with a slightly higher estimate in the period six months before than the current period, while the lowest is found in the 24-hour recall. The latter corresponds with the same method in a Nutrition Canada Survey. It is concluded that all methods ara applicable to case-control studies, but the diet history is preferred when current food intake may be influenced by a disease.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1979

Some fundamental aspects of epidemiology: a guide for laboratory scientists.

Epidemiologic methods used to study human diseases are often unfamiliar to the laboratory scientist. This paper outlines the standard method by which epidemiologic studies are classified, explains the methodologic strengths and weaknesses of different kinds of studies, and notes the kinds of inferences that can be drawn from each. Surveys on populations are treated first, followed by sample surveys. Prospective (follow-up) studies, in which groups of subjects are followed in time, are a basic epidemiologic method. Alternatives to these studies that do not require similar time commitments but may allow similar inferences are record studies. Retrospective, or case-control studies, are often the only feasible method for studying rare diseases. However, diseases with long latency periods and problems in control selection can make these studies difficult to analyze and interpret.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed1977

Epidemiologic screening: a method to add efficiency to epidemiologic research.

The concept of power loss through misclassification is well known. A simple method developed here yields a means for determing by how much power is lost. The method provides the basis for the development of an efficient screening methodology for the identification of high and low risk cohorts. This screening procedure is built on the well established retrospective cohort methodology and utilizes general records of mortality and morbidity for determination of the frequency of disease in the exposed and non-exposed cohorts. The size and power of the testing procedure compare favorably to that of a study with complete follow-up, while reducing the time and costs of study. This is particularly important in aiding epidemiologists in determining research and program priorities from among many areas of possible concern.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1976

[Use of computers and mathematical methods in epidemiological work. V. Assessment of infection morbidity using standardized indices].

The paper treats of the method of obtaining special and generalized indices on the computer M-222 to be used for the analysis of infectious morbidity under the automatic control system conditions. Assessment of significance of the differences between the actual number of diseases and the "usual" morbidity level characteristic of the given territory and the time of the year lies at the basis of the calculation of the standardized indices. Complex evaluation of the epidemiological condition of the controlled district was carried out according to the data of the official monthly and annual sanitary-epidemiological report forms No. 85.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

Rationale and methods for an epidemiologic study of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists.

Considerable evidence was found that Adventists are a low-risk population to develop cancer of many sites. Adventists have numerous unique life-style and dietary habits with great variability within the population in adherence to these practices as well as considerable variation in duration of exposure to these characteristics. Thus this study population will likely be extremely productive in identifying dietary habits or other life-style characteristics that are etiologically related to various cancer sites.

California↗
PubMed1977

Childhood accidents. Three epidemiological studies on the etiology.

Three studies on childhood accidents are presented. The aim was to study the importance of different factors regarding the accidents in question. The following factors have then been taken into consideration: the enviromental hazard, the accident proneness, the supervision and the education. Methodologically the investigations were carried out with an epidemiological technique. One is of a descriptive nature and the other two more analytically oriented. The studies are based on two different 1-year-materials consisting of accidents among children recorded in the emergency departments of Ostersund Hospital and the University Hospital in Uppsala. The results indicate that risk factors in the children's physical milieu played an important role in the occurrence of the accidents: clearly identifiable risk factors in the environment could be connected with 52% of the accidents, whereas some deficiency in supervision was noted in 20%. The investigators could identify a number of specific risk factors. Attempts were made to examine how frequency and type of childhood accidents vary with the population structure and social structure in well-defined housing areas, but the results were hard to evaluate because of methodological problems. The results are presented against the background of a detailed discussion on central methodological problems in epidemiological accident research. It is pointed out in particular that epidemiological methods have clear limitations in attempts at studying the low-frequency events that each individual type of accident in fact comprises. It is of great importance that in future research, side by side with the traditional epidemiological methods, other techniques are tested with the aim of obtaining maximal usable information from a detailed study of individual accidents and their backgrounds.

Accident Proneness↗