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PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological monitoring of psychological, neurological and sensory handicaps in the 0-24-year-old Abruzzo population (Italy). Preliminary results].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the setting up of the Abruzzo Region (Italy) Service for Prevention and Epidemiological Register of Handicaps, to show prevalence data of occurring diseases and fit regression models aimed at explicating disease occurrence in terms of risk factors; to discuss services access data in terms of their efficacy in fitting social and health needs. SETTING AND DESIGN: We managed data obtained from a regional information system, based upon primary information sources operating in the Local Health Agencies (i.e. school medicine services, general practitioners, paediatricians, familiar counseling services, rehabilitation centers) and specialistic structures for diagnostic detection (multidisciplinary school équipes, hospital division of infant neuropsychiatry, outpatient infant neuropsychiatry services). The data managing model is a population-based epidemiological register. The target population is the 0-24 years population of the Abruzzo Region. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Occurrence data are expressed as prevalence rates, using standardisation according to the global population of the area of interest. Diagnoses have been defined according to the standard ICD-9 and ICD-10 criteria; definition of handicaps has been made according to the WHO classification (1981). Association between indicator (socio-demographic and anamnestic) variables and occurrence of disease has been fitted by logistic regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence estimates obtained for the main infant neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as for the main handicap-determining genetic and/or congenital diseases, are consistent with the findings of literature in similar settings. An exception is the high occurrence of hyperkinetic disorders in both sexes. Rehabilitation is the main health need for all diagnostic axes. With respect to social needs, school and home personal care seem to be scarcely relevant if related to disease prevalence. Logistic regression analysis indicates socio-economic status and presence of handicapped relatives in the family as factors associated with the occurrence of disease. Respectively, the two factors are negatively associated with the occurrence of hyperkinetic disorders and positively associated with occurrence of mental retardation. Moreover, living in a natural family is negatively associated with evolutive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: This is a report about the preliminary results obtained by a specialised register for infant psychological and neurological handicaps. The findings suggest, as operating indications, the standardisation of diagnostic procedures and the definition of common managing guidelines in different areas. Anyhow, the findings of this report highlight the importance of an epidemiological knowledge of handicap in order to design correct prevention strategies and health services planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological monitoring: methods for analysing routinely-collected data.

Morbidity and mortality statistics are routinely collected in many countries. These data may be arranged in a number of ways, for example, classified by area of residence, or occupation of the person concerned, or by the time-period during which the relevant event occurred. Judicious use of such data enables disease to be monitored and may draw attention to the adverse effects of harmful agents in the environment. This paper describes the different methods of analysing data for such purposes, giving examples of their application and discussing their relative merits. Particular reference is made to the data-collecting systems in England and Wales and to the statistical aspects of monitoring disease.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Retrospective survey on epidemiologic monitoring of accidents due to professional exposure to biological agents in A.O.U. "G. Martino" of Messina, Italy)].

The management of healthcare professionals exposed to biological material which may potentially be contaminated with HIV HBVand HCV viruses, is of vital importance in acquiring precise epidemiological data regarding the type and means of exposure, and the efficacy or failure to apply recommended preventive measures. This will make it possible to assess over time which measures need to be implemented or improved. For these reasons we decided to analyze cases of occupational exposure to biological risk occurring in the University Hospital in Messina between 1998 and 2002. Our study highlighted in particular that the most frequently affected category was that of professional nurses (46.74%) and that only 31.72% of the healthcare workers who tested negative for HBsAb were administered vaccine prophylaxis also after the accident. Moreover, it emerged that there is the need to increase the amount and quality of information made available, by changing report forms, with the aim of identifying problems and risky behavior and procedures, and thus make ways to ensure the continued improvement of the accident prevention and management programmes. In fact, in the accident reporting procedure used, it was not possible to specify the precise way in which the accidents happened.

Biological Products↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiological monitoring plan for geothermal developments.

In order to assure that geothermal developments in the Imperial Valley of California proceeded on an environmentally sound basis, The U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory to conduct a comprehensive study of six aspects of the region and its potential problems: Air Quality Water Quality, Ecosystem Quality (Soil, Plants, Animals, etc.) Subsidence and Induced Seismicity, Health Effects, and Socio-Economic Effects which may result from the proposed development. This report of the possible health effects is designed to be repeated as geothermal developments progress. It includes both general health attributes and attributes which may be likely to be adversely affected by such developments and is focussed on two different populations, one likely to be affected and a second which is less likely to be affected. Such a design permits the easier identification of possible effects against a background of time-dependent processes in later phases of the study. This baseline study documents that before such developments, there were differences in health status of the two areas, which were chosen to maximize demographic comparability. It further identifies that odor, a possible problem associated with geothermal development, is currently present, and at times intense. Without such baseline monitoring, the likelihood is great that such effects in the future might be falsely ascribed to the geothermal development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Inhalation exposure to formaldehyde: an overview of its toxicology, epidemiology, monitoring, and control.

Increasing production and use of formaldehyde in consumer products have resulted in widespread recognition of its acute irritant effects at exposure levels below the current occupational health standard [3 parts per million parts of air (ppm)]. Formaldehyde is an allergic (immunologically mediated) skin sensitizer which may also cause or exacerbate respiratory distress in individuals with preexisting or formaldehyde-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Formaldehyde gas is a very reactive alkylating agent which is mutagenic in several in vitro test systems. At exposure levels less than one order of magnitude greater than those often found in human occupational and nonoccupational environments, it induces squamous cell carcinomas in the nasal cavity of rats. Recent reviews suggest that formaldehyde exposure should be treated as though it poses a carcinogenic risk to humans and should be reduced to the lowest feasible level. This report reviews information on the epidemiologic evaluation of health effects which may result from hazardous levels of exposure to formaldehyde. Methods for monitoring exposure are discussed in detail because of considerable diversity in the methods used by state health departments for recognition, evaluation and control of nonoccupational exposures. Current guidelines for the evaluation and control of exposures to formaldehyde gas are suggested.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Epidemiologic monitoring of tick-borne encephalitis in Rimov in Southern Bohemia].

Southern Bohemia is one of the extensive natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis (TE) in the Czech Republic. Some professionals hold the view that people living in the focus of infection acquire naturally herd immunity and are the protected against the infection and thus it is not necessary to vaccinate them against TE. Several serious cases of the disease in temporal sequence in Rímov in the district of Ceské Budĕjovice led the authors to examine more closely the problem of TE in this locality. Available epidemiological data were analyzed. A group of subjects with permanent residence in the community was assembled who were interested to participate in the trial. In these serological examinations were made to assess antibodies against TE. Analysis of the assembled data proved that during permanent residence in Rímov 6.07% of the investigated group during their life in Rímov developed the manifest form of TE, 9.64% developed the inapparent form and 15% subjects had antibodies after previous vaccination. The ratio of manifest and inapparent cases is 6.07:9.64, i.e. roughly 2:3. The total seroprevalence after the disease (manifest and inapparent) is 16%. Persons with a negative result of the examination were offered vaccination. The vaccination rate increased due to the authors' intervention from 15% to 65% in the given community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Epidemiologic monitoring of possible health reactions of wastewater reuse.

The possible health effects of consuming groundwater partially recharged with recycled wastewater were monitored in a long-term study of residents of several communities in eastern Los Angeles County, California. In three phases of ecologic studies, health measures were compared among residents of two recycled water areas (high and low concentration) and two control areas. Included were measures of mortality, reportable illnesses, adverse birth outcomes, and incident cases of cancer. While significant differences were noted among the four study areas when comparing several health outcomes, none of the differences were in a direction to suggest a dose-response relationship between reclaimed water consumption and disease. To supplement findings of the ecologic studies, a household survey was conducted of approximately 2,500 women, half residing in the high recycled water area and half in the control area. The survey provided increased information on reproductive outcomes and on excess effects after controlling for important potential confounding factors such as cigarette use and alcohol consumption. The results of both the ecologic studies and the household survey provide no indication that recycled water has a noticeable harmful effect on the health of a population exposed for nearly two decades.

Environmental Health↗
PubMed1999

Prescription-event and other forms of epidemiological monitoring of side-effects in the UK.

The post-marketing surveillance (PMS) of drugs is necessary because of the limited size of the clinical safety database at the time of marketing. The principal hypothesis-generating methods of PMS are spontaneous reporting (e.g. the yellow card) and Prescription Event Monitoring. These methods are discussed in this chapter and certain basic pharmacoepidemiological issues that are relevant are briefly reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal study of respiratory conditions among schoolchildren in Israel: interim report of an epidemiological monitoring program in the vicinity of a new coal-fired power plant.

Second and fifth grade schoolchildren living within 19 km of a 1400 megawatt coal-fired power plant were followed-up. The children were first studied in 1980, before the power plant went into operation, and in 1983 after two units were operating. They performed pulmonary function tests (PFT), and their parents filled out American Thoracic Society-National Heart and Lung Institute health questionnaires. In the younger cohort, respiratory symptoms and pneumonia and measles were more common in 1983 than in 1980, while in the older cohort pneumonia and measles showed higher prevalence in 1983 but most respiratory symptoms became less common. Temporal changes in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases and annual increases in PFT within three communities in the region with different expected levels of pollution were analyzed. It appears that effects of age, epidemics, and background variables rather than environmental pollution are responsible for the observed differences.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological monitoring of legionellosis: a case-control study in an university general hospital].

The authors report the early results of a case-control study carried out about the risk of legionellosis. During the first year, they have tested urine samples from patients with unknown pneumonia, using a legionella-sensitive test for the detection of its antigen. Out of 171 samples, 9 have turned out to be positive (5.3%). Lifestyles, predisposing factors, possible sources of infection and stressful events were investigated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic monitoring and decentralized planification: the use of sentinel sites in Guerrero].

With the current decentralization of health care in the Mexican state of Guerrero, there is need for detailed but inexpensive information for the planning of health services. A cyclical process of measurement is proposed using sentinel sites, characterized as places of concentration of measurement resources, which are not special intervention areas or health facilities. The sites in Guerrero were selected to be representative of the health conditions in the state. During the first two years, study cycles were carried out regarding acute respiratory infections and diarrhoeas in infants, the risk factors associated with these afflictions and the attention paid to them within the community. Later cycles focussed on the importance of scorpion stings and Chagas' disease, the impact of measles vaccination and the prevalence of tuberculosis. Three types of community-based data are considered in each cycle, to optimize their use in planning (impact, coverage and costs) which, in summary formats, facilitate rapid analysis and presentation.

Child, Preschool↗