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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Training correct utensil use in retarded children: modeling vs. physical guidance.

Modeling and physical guidance were compared for teaching 24 retarded males (mean age = 13.5, mean IQ = 25.3) to use a knife, fork, and spoon. Initial premeal training methods resulted in no improvement over baseline. The methods were revised to extend throughout meals, and a third method (physical guidance with praise) replaced a former control procedure. Methods involving physical guidance produced significant improvement while modeling did not. All groups then received physical guidance with praise which resulted in their achieving similar levels of performance. Follow-up observations revealed that correct utensil use continued under maintenance conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The effects of vicarious reinforcement on modeling by schizophrenic hospital patients.

Adult male schizophrenic Ss were exposed to a peer model under conditions of positive vicarious reinforcement, negative vicarious reinforcement, and no vicarious reinforcement. The degree to which the Ss imitated the behaviors of the model was not affected by the vicarious reinforcement, although the Ss did emit significantly more of the dependent measure behaviors than did a group of control Ss who had seen no model. The failure of the Ss to respond to the vicarious reinforcement was seen in terms of the inability of schizophrenics to attend to relevant detail.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Racial similarity and adult modeling of uncooperative behavior.

To test the hypothesis that modeling is enhanced when Ss and models are of the same race, black and white attendants at a southern mental hospital were exposed to either a black or white model who refused to volunteer for a series of future studies. Although the white model more effectively induced refusal behavior by both races of Ss, no interaction effect was found between race of model and race of S, which refutes the hypothesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of a model on eating behavior: the induction of a restrained eating style.

An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of a same-sex model on females' eating behavior. The model ate either a large or small quantity along with the subject in an ad lib satiation context, and either did or did not identify herself as a dieter. Subjects were 86 female undergraduates, split into normally dieting or nondieting subgroups. Number of sandwich quarters consumed ad lib following a small fixed preload was found to vary as a function of (a) model's consumption (b) model's dieter status and (c) subject's dieter status; there were no significant interactions. A subsequent taste-rating assessment of nut consumption, in which the model was present but could neither see nor be seen by the subject, indicated that the three factors which had previously affected sandwich consumption independently combined to affect nut consumption interdependently. The results were interpreted in terms of the effect of the model on the quantity and pattern of consumption, and conclusions were drawn about the dynamics of restrained and unrestrained eating and implications for therapy.

Behavior Therapy↗