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PubMed1994

[Immigration in a country of immigration: the Canadian experience].

"Until well after the Second World War, Canadian immigration policy favoured immigration in general, but it was characterised by ethnic and racial preferences and waves of discrimination. Only after 1962 was a less discriminatory point system...implemented which selected immigrants according to their standard of education and the demands of the Canadian labour market. This policy still indirectly favoured 'old' immigration groups. Since 1978 a new immigration law has been the basis of an annual immigration plan taking into account social, humanitarian, and economic criteria. One of its consequences has been the shift towards a greater proportion of Asian immigrants. This change has led to various tensions in the Canadian public." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗

PubMed1989

Immunohistological analysis of immigration of thymocyte-precursors into the thymus: evidence for immigration of peripheral T cells into the thymic medulla.

The immigration route of thymocyte precursors into the thymic microenvironment was examined in various experiments using two strains of mice (B10.Thy-1.1 and C57BL/6) that were identical in H-2 and different in Thy-1 locus. The experiment of thymus grafting revealed that there were two types of thymocyte precursors; one immigrated into the cortex and vigorously proliferated and the other directly immigrated into the medulla. Such a direct immigration of host-type cells into the medulla of the grafted thymus was not observed, when thymus was grafted into young adult nude mice having no T cells. When bone marrow cells were iv injected into intact mice, the direct immigration of donor-type cells was observed only in the cortex, not in the medulla. In parabiotic mice, the immigration of partner's cells into the medulla was observed independently before the proliferation of partner's cell in the cortex. These findings taken together indicate that peripheral T cells directly immigrate into and recirculate through the thymic medulla.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Impact of recent welfare and immigration reforms on use of Medicaid for prenatal care by immigrants in California.

This study investigates the impact of the recent welfare and immigration changes on the use of Medicaid by low-income pregnant immigrant women in California. The study presents findings from interviews with government officials, safety-net prenatal care providers, and immigrant advocates who serve low-income pregnant Asian and Latina immigrants at the national, state, or local levels. These informants spoke of policy actions that affect immigrants' abilities to use Medicaid for coverage of prenatal care. These actions include (1) the sharing of information between the California Department of Health Services and the federal Immigration and Naturalization Service, (2) the slow and confusing implementation of the reforms, and (3) the intimidating Medicaid eligibility process. The findings demonstrate how the policies changed the immigrant women's relationship with safety-net prenatal care providers, and sparked intense actions on the part of their advocates to sustain the women's access to perinatal care.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Age at immigration to England of Asian and Caribbean immigrants and the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown that multiple sclerosis is very uncommon among Indian and Pakistani immigrants to England but that their children born in the United Kingdom, in the age groups available for study, have a similar risk of developing the disease as occurs in the general British population. The present study was to ascertain if these immigrants who enter England as children below the age of 15, have a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis than those that enter after this age. METHODS: A search was made in Greater London, the West Midlands, Leicester, Bradford, Halifax, and Huddersfield to find ethnic Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi immigrants to England with multiple sclerosis. During the course of the study some immigrants from the Caribbean with multiple sclerosis were also found. The population at risk by ethnic group and age at entry was not available from the 1991 Census but was available in the annual Labour Force Surveys. RESULTS: Indian and Pakistani immigrants who entered England younger than 15 had a higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis than those that entered after this age. Caribbean immigrants, who have a higher multiple sclerosis prevalence than Asian immigrants, did not show this difference. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous studies which show that the environment during childhood is a major factor in determining the risk of developing multiple sclerosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Immigrants, denizens, and citizens: Latin American immigration and settlement in the 1990s.

"This article examines the immigration and settlement patterns [in the United States] of immigrants from Latin America. It places Latin American immigration in historical perspective in order to understand the components of the contemporary flow. Settlement is examined through a series of attitudinal and behavioral variables with the goal of assessing the levels of attachment of Latin American immigrants to life in the United States. In addition to data from the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Census Bureau, it reports previously unpublished findings from the National Latino Immigrant Survey and the Latino National Political Survey."

Acculturation↗

PubMed2004

Insights into the 'healthy immigrant effect': health status and health service use of immigrants to Canada.

This paper combines multiple cross-sections of data drawn from the National Population Health Survey and Canadian Community Health Survey to confirm the existence of the 'healthy immigrant effect', specifically that immigrants are in relatively better health on arrival in Canada compared to native-born Canadians, and that immigrant health converges with years in Canada to native-born levels. The paper finds robust evidence that the healthy immigrant effect is present for the incidence of chronic conditions for both men and women, and results in relatively slow convergence to native-born levels. There is only weak evidence in terms of self-assessed health status. The inclusion of controls for region of origin and year of arrival does not account for the observed effects, although region of origin is an important determinants of immigrant health. The paper then considers some alternative explanations for the observed differences, and support is found for the idea that the healthy immigrant effect reflects convergence in physical health rather than convergence in screening and detection of existing health problems.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Coping with the stress of immigration among new immigrants to Israel from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) who were exposed to Chernobyl: the effect of age.

This study examined the differential effect of age on coping and psychological measures among immigrants from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to Israel. Some of these immigrants originated in the Republics adjacent to the Chernobyl Power Plant, site of the 1986 accident. The sample consisted of 708 immigrants who were interviewed between the years 1993-1995 with an average age of 47.5 (sd 11.8). This sample was reinterviewed approximately a year and three months later (n = 520). The sample included two exposure groups--high exposed and low exposed based on the estimated levels of ground cesium contamination from the IAEA maps and a comparison group matched by age, gender, and year of immigration. Those over the age of sixty-five were disadvantaged, compared to those aged fifty to sixty-four, and younger, when it came to the tasks of immigrant absorption; learning the language, working and acquiring an income, and establishing alternative social networks which could offer support in times of illness. The psychological variables showed that over time, somatization, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms related to Chernobyl improved, however at a much slower pace for older immigrants (aged 55 and over) compared to younger ones.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2003

Contextualizing immigrants' lived experience: story of Taiwanese immigrants in the United States.

Immigration involves extensive changes in living environments. Nonetheless, the predominant approach in the health science literature has been to utilize individual characteristics (including ethnic background) to explain and predict immigrants' lived experiences and health outcomes. Contexts, particularly the larger societal contexts by which immigrants are constituted, are generally ignored. Data from a critical ethnography regarding immigrants' experiences with language, occupation, and economic survival in the United States are utilized to illustrate that immigrants' lives are inseparable from the larger societal contexts, such as immigration policy, Western imperialism, and structural discrimination. The implications for practice, education, and research are discussed.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1993

Adjustment problems among Soviet immigrants at risk, Part 2: Emotional distress among elderly Soviet immigrants during the Gulf War.

The nature and components of emotional distress under the threefold stress--old age, immigration and war--were studied in a group of 170 elderly Soviet immigrants in two settings--a mental health hotline for Soviet immigrants and an outreach project to immigrants deemed at risk. Most of the subjects reported distress during and following the war. Outreach subjects reported lower levels of distress determined by emotional factors and were much more concerned with objective problems related to immigration. In contrast, the predominant determinants of the hotline subjects' distress were emotional reactions related to the war. Among the emotional reactions, anxiety reactions were the most common symptom among women, while depressive reactions were more characteristic of men. Identified risk factors for emotional distress in men included prior experience with acute stress (Chernobyl accident) and living within an extended family. Academic education was identified as a resilience factor for women. No factors were identified that related to emotional distress combined with active help seeking behavior. This finding is particularly important in the context of primary and secondary prevention with Soviet immigrants.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed2000

The effect of immigration and welfare reform legislation on immigrants' access to health care, Cuyahoga, and Lorain Counties.

This study examined the effect of the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 and the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 on immigrants' ability to access health care in two counties in Northeastern Ohio. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 251 individuals of varying immigration status and ethnicity. Data collected included type of recent illness, type and location of care received, type of health insurance, if any, and problems encountered. Significant associations were found between birth in a former Soviet-controlled area and use of public insurance. We did not detect an adverse effect of the welfare and immigration reform laws on ability to access care, most likely because a large proportion of respondents were permanent residents or asylees and were eligible for publicly funded medical care under the reform laws. The most common problems in obtaining medical care included lack of insurance and/or money, transportation, language, dissatisfaction with the doctor's care, and long waits. Individuals born in former Soviet-controlled areas as well as those who spoke Spanish or Slavic languages at home or work reported more difficulties in accessing care. Many undocumented individuals indicated that they would delay or refrain from seeking care due to fear of immigration consequences.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Canada's changing immigration policy: implications for Asian immigrants.

"The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration."

Americas↗

PubMed1993

Immigration policy and immigrant quality: empirical evidence from Canada.

"This paper examines the earnings of foreign-born and native-born men [in Canada] in an attempt to evaluate whether the decline in the quality [based on earnings] of Canadian immigrants is related to changes in the country-of-origin mix and the class (type) mix of immigrants....The analysis consists of two parts. The first part is based on individual data on earnings and socio-economic characteristics collected in the 1971 and 1986 Canadian Censuses.... In the second part of the analysis, additional regression equations are estimated, pertaining to the period 1968 to 1985, that relate these Census-based measures of immigrant quality to the country-of-origin and class mix of immigrants." The impact of changes brought about by the 1967 restructuring of the Canadian immigration system is analyzed.

Americas↗

PubMed1992

Immigration and immigrant generations in population projections.

This paper proposes a new model for population projections. This model projects an initial population under conditions of fertility, mortality, and international migration (like standard cohort-component models), but considers the population arrayed by generation. The model incorporates 4 generations: a foreign-born first generation (the immigrants), a second generation (sons and daughters of immigrants), a third generation (grandsons and granddaughters of immigrants), and fourth-and-higher generations. The model requires fertility, mortality, and migration equations by generation, which take a somewhat different form than in conventional cohort-component population projection. Consideration of the model also makes apparent that assignment of births to generations may not follow a simple form: the paper presents a method for including the empirical description of intergenerational births within the generational framework. As an example, the authors examine the next century of population growth for the Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White non-Hispanic populations in the US, comparing their growth rates and their composition within the total US population. With annual net immigration of 950,000, the total US population of 249 million in 1990 will top 400 million in 2070 and reach about 432 million in 2090. Thus, the level of immigration and emigration assumed in these projections suggests considerable population growth for the next hundred years. The racial/ethnic composition of the US will shift markedly during the next century, as described in the paper.

Americas↗

PubMed1996

Refugees' and immigrants' mental health: association of demographic and post-immigration factors.

Several demographic and post-immigration factors related to self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression of immigrants in New Zealand were examined in a study involving a sample of 129 Southeast Asian refugees, 57 Pacific Island immigrants, and 63 British immigrants to New Zealand. A questionnaire and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) in English and in three Southeast Asian translations were administered, followed by an interview in English or with an interpreter. The findings suggest that demographic characteristics are not associated with symptom level. Post-immigration factors, such as experiencing discrimination in New Zealand, not having close friends, being unemployed, and spending most of one's time with one's own ethnic group affected anxiety and depression scores.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cultural values and intergenerational value discrepancies in immigrant and non-immigrant families.

The goal of this research was to explore the generality of developmental processes related to intergenerational value discrepancies across 701 families from immigrant and non-immigrant groups. In a study involving 471 immigrant families (197 Armenian, 103 Vietnamese, and 171 Mexican) and 230 non-immigrant families (95 African American and 135 European American), adolescents and parents reported their endorsement of values pertaining to family obligations. We examined similarities and differences at three levels of analysis, from the general to the group-specific. Results provide evidence for general developmental processes (family obligations were endorsed more by parents than by adolescents in all groups), processes associated with immigration (the intergenerational value discrepancy generally increased with time in the United States), and processes that are unique to each ethnic group.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

The stress of immigration and the daily lived experiences of Jordanian immigrant women in the United States.

Literature specifically focused on women as immigrants and on the nature and quality of the immigrant experience is limited. Similarly, in spite of early Arab immigration to the different regions of the world, there is a limited knowledge base regarding the dynamics and problems involved in their integration into their new society. In this article we describe the lived experiences of Jordanian women who immigrated to the United States and the focus is on providing an in-depth account of their perceived stressors as related to their immigration experience. Thirty Jordanian American women, all wives and mothers with a mean age of 45, were interviewed. Three major themes of the sources and contexts of stress emerged from the narrative and qualitative data analyses of their responses. Women experienced many challenges and stressors surrounding their work in the daily living of settling in, in their quest for ethnic continuity, and in their attempts to re-create familiarity. Social and health support resources cannot be created without careful attention to these themes.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2001

The impact of immigration on the internal migration of natives and immigrants.

In this paper we examine the internal migratory response, by native-born non-Hispanic white men and foreign-born men in the United States, to recent immigration. Our analysis does not support the claim that natives have made a migratory response to recent immigration. Native-born men and foreign-born men were less likely to leave states that received large numbers of immigrants in the 1980s than they were to leave other states, and native-born men had less propensity toward out-migration than did foreign-born men. Out-migration was most likely to be deterred if recent immigrants originated in Europe or Asia. Although native-born non-Hispanic white men showed a tendency toward out-migration if recent immigrants originated in Latin America or the Caribbean, this result was insignificant after we controlled for state economic and regional context.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Employment-based immigrants--Immigration and Naturalization Service. Final rule.

This final rule implements section 121 of the Immigration Act of 1990, Public Law 101-649, November 29, 1990 (IMMACT), by providing petitioning procedures for employment-based immigrants under sections 203(b) (1) through (5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (Act). It will also implement new immigrant classifications and requirements established by Public Law 101-649, and clarify, for the general public and businesses, requirements for classification and admission for these new immigrant classifications. This rule is necessary to help American businesses hire highly skilled, specially trained personnel to fill increasingly sophisticated jobs for which domestic personnel cannot be found.

Emigration and Immigration↗