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PubMed2025

Knockdown-resistance (kdr) mutations in Indian Aedes aegypti populations: Lack of recombination among haplotypes bearing V1016G, F1534C, and F1534L kdr alleles.

BACKGROUND: Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene are a key mechanism of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. In Asian Aedes aegypti populations two main VGSC haplogroups with kdr mutations have been identified: one carrying the F1534C mutation and another with V1016G and/or S989P mutations. Previous functional studies have demonstrated that these three mutations on a single haplotype confer up to a 1100-fold increase in pyrethroid resistance, underscoring the importance of monitoring these triple mutations in distinct populations. This study investigates the prevalence of kdr mutations in Indian populations and explores the linkage association between these mutations and two distinct conserved types of introns located between exons 20 and 21. METHODS: Ae. aegypti specimens collected from eight different locations were genotyped for kdr alleles and intron (between exons 20 and 21) haplotypes using PCR-based assays. Representative samples underwent DNA sequencing of VGSC regions. RESULTS: Five kdr mutations namely S989P, V1016G, T1520I, F1534C, and F1534L were identified, each exhibiting varying distribution and frequencies across different geographical regions. Two distinct and stably-diverged intron haplotypes, designated as intron-A and intron-B, were identified between exons 20 and 21. Seven haplotypes, including two wild-type variants, were observed among Indian populations. The kdr-bearing haplotypes can be classified into three distinct haplogroups: haplogroup G (V1016G with/or without S989P and with intron-A), haplogroup L (F1534L and intron-A), and haplogroup C (F1534C with/or without T1520I and with intron-B). Importantly, no evidence of recombination within Indian populations was detected among these three haplogroups. CONCLUSIONS: Five kdr mutations were identified in the VGSC of Indian Ae. aegypti populations, each showing a definitive linkage with one of the two types of intron haplotypes. The lack of recombination among haplogroups bearing 1016G with 989P, 1534C and 1534L mutations suggests that the most potent insecticide resistance haplotype, bearing the triple kdr mutation, is currently absent. This finding has significant operational implications, as it may indicate that current vector control measures remain effective against these populations, potentially delaying the emergence of highly resistant phenotypes.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Duodenal ulceration in Indians and Blacks in Durban.

Duodenal ulceration among Black and Indian patients admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, over a 26-year period (1950-1976) was studied. Analysis was made over a series of time intervals within this period, and expressed as the number of admissions for duodenal ulcer per 1,000 total admissions (excluding obstetric and gynaecological patients). Admissions for duodenal ulceration increased 2,4-fold among the Indians and 11,9-fold among the Blacks from 1950 to 1976. The disease appears to have become commoner among women in both race groups. The peak age for Indian men is the 3rd decade, but for Indian women the peak age incidence has changed from the 4th to the 6th decade. There is now a peak in the 3rd decade for Black men, compared with the 4th decade, as reported 20 years ago. The pattern is similar in Black women. The clinical presentation is similar in the two groups, although it is significant that haemorrhage occurs more frequently among the Black patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Patterns of ear disease in the southwestern American Indian.

Native Americans are predisposed to one of the highest incidences of otitis media in mankind. The origin of otitis media in Indians remains multifaceted. However, an unusually high prevalence of congenital anomalies of the ear and oral cavity, ie, oral clefts, facial paralysis in diabetics, and the absence of otosclerosis, suggest racial inheritance as a predominant factor for their pattern or ear disease. An analysis of outpatient and operative records at the Phoenix (Ariz) Indian Medical Center substantiates this hypothesis and shows contrasts in ear disease between American Indians and white persons.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1978

Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi amd Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha, and Apache Indians.

In order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris-Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.

Alleles↗

PubMed2026

Association of ERBB4 and SHBG gene polymorphisms with polycystic ovarian syndrome in South Indian women: a case-control genetic analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrinological disorder with a substantial genetic component. However, the role of genes involved in follicular development and androgen regulation remains incompletely understood, particularly in South Indian populations. This study aimed to evaluate how variations in the ERBB4 and SHBG genes affect PCOS risk. METHODOLOGY: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted among 400 South Indian women, comprising 200 women with PCOS and 200 age-matched healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted to study SNPs at ERBB4 (rs2178575 and rs1351592) and SHBG (rs1799941 and rs727428) using ARMS-PCR genotyping. The study compared genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls while assessing their associations with allelic, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, and over-dominant genetic models. Genotyping accuracy was confirmed by re-genotyping and Sanger sequencing of a subset of samples. RESULTS: The ERBB4 rs2178575 polymorphism demonstrated a significant association with PCOS, as the AA genotype and A allele combination increased risk across all three genetic models, including homozygous, recessive, and allelic models. The ERBB4 rs1351592 variant was associated with 3-fold higher risk of PCOS in heterozygous and GC carriers. The SHBG rs1799941 polymorphism showed a significant link to PCOS through its effects on heterozygous and allelic states, whereas rs727428 displayed no significant connection due to its monomorphic distribution. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that polymorphisms in ERBB4 and SHBG may contribute to PCOS susceptibility in South Indian women in a locus- and model-specific manner, revealing the intricate genetic structure that defines this medical condition.

Humans↗

PubMed1978

A novel pattern of treponemal antibody distribution in isolated South American Indian populations.

Serologic surveys for treponemal disease were carried out in 1970-1976 among three linguistically distinct and isolated population groups in the Brazilian Amazon Region and among the Mapuche Indians of southern Chile. Three patterns were found: 1) no evidence for treponemal infection in two very recently contacted groups; 2) sporadic positive individuals in groups with long periods of contact with non-Indian populations; and 3) a high prevalence of positive tests in one cultural group with limited exposure to non-Indians. The seroepidemiology and clinical manifestations of a possible treponemal infection in those villages with a high prevalence of positive tests were unlike those of the classically described human treponematoses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Indian people and community psychiatry in Saskatchewan.

A discrepancy is identified between the increase in inpatient admissions and of outpatient contacts of Treaty Indians in Saskatchewan from 1967 to 1976. This is the reverse of the trend in the non-Treaty Indian population, and represents a contradictory effect to the intention of the Community Psychiatry Program of the province's government. No major diagnostic differences were at statistically significant levels, which might have accounted for the higher inpatient admission rates and the relatively lower outpatient contact rates of Treaty Indians. This is an interesting example of the use of governmental statistics and a promising one for the identification and solution of problems in health care delivery.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1979

C-Peptide and insulin secretion in Pima Indians and Caucasians: constant fractional hepatic extraction over a wide range of insulin concentrations and in obesity.

Peripheral serum insulin and C-peptide concentrations during oral glucose tolerance tests were measured in 10 nondiabetic Pima Indians and 10 nondiabetic Caucasians with varying degrees of obesity. Although both insulin and C-peptide levels were elevated in the Indians compared to the Caucasians (p less than 0.05), hepatic insulin extraction, measured by comparing the C-peptide to insulin ratios, was similar over a wide range of insulin concentrations in both groups. The ratios of C-peptide to insulin were independent of the degree of obesity. These studies indicate that the peripheral hyperinsulinemia in Pima Indians and obese subjects is due in general to pancreatic hypersecretion rather than to diminished hepatic extraction of insulin.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Cancer mortality among Chinese, Japanese, and Indians in British Columbia, 1964-73.

We compared age-adjusted mortality rates for cancer of selected sites for Chinese, Japanese, and native Indian residents of British Columbia during the years 1964-73 to the corresponding rates for the white population. Mortality from all cancers of the Chinese did not differ significantly from that of whites. Elevated rates are seen for cancer of the nasopharynx in both sexes, of the liver and esophagus in males, and of the lung in females. Chinese males had a lower mortality than whites from stomach, prostate, and bladder cancer and brain tumors, whereas females had a lower mortality from tumors of the colon, breast, and ovary; both sexes had a lower mortality from leukemia. For Japanese males and females, the mortality rates for all cancers combined were similar to those of the white population. The rates for cancer of the stomach and gallbladder were higher in both sexes; males also showed a higher rate of liver cancer. Prostate and breast cancer mortality rates were lower. Native Indian males had a lower mortality rate from all cancers combined; the difference was significant for stomach, colon, lung, and prostate cancers, and for leukemia. Native Indian females showed a lower rate for ovarian cancer and a higher rate of tumors of the gallbladder and uterine cervix, but their overall cancer mortality was similar to that of whites.

British Columbia↗

PubMed1979

Distribution of glyoxalase I (GLO) variants in Western Europe and the Indian subcontinent.

English, Italian (including Sardinian), and Spanish populations from Europe and Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Punjabi, and other populations from the Indian subcontinent currently living either in Birmingham or in India were screened for electrophoretically detectable genetic variants of red cell glyoxalase I (GLO), and their frequencies were reported. All the western European populations investigated, including those reported, exhibited an incidence of close to 44% for the GLO1 gene. The frequency distribution of the GLO1 gene in various populations from the Indian subcontinent, in contrast, was found to range between 0.15 and 0.33. These observations suggest that the European populations in general are genetically more homogeneous than are the populations of the Indian subcontinent.

Erythrocytes↗

PubMed1979

Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 polymorphisms in ethnic Chinese and Indians of West Malaysia.

Human alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ADH3 were investigated in liver and stomach specimens of Chinese and Indians from West Malaysia. Eight-nine percent of the Chinese carry the atypical ADH2 type, a proportion very similar to that reported in Japanese. However, among 43 Indian specimens there was not a single case of atypical ADH2. In Indians, the gene frequency of ADH13 is 0.64 and of ADH23 0.36, similar to the frequencies in Caucasians, whereas in Chinese, the gene frequency for ADH13 and ADH23 is 0.91 and 0.09, respectively. We also report some unusual enzymatic characteristics in the course of our study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Tumorigenicity of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus.

The transformed clonal isolates of Indian muntjac diploid cells by a mouse sarcoma virus, 43-2XV, were tested for tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice. In spite of the indistinguishable transformed morphology, the tumorigenicity exhibited four different patterns: (a) no tumor formation; (b) slowly growing regressive tumor formation; (c) rapidly growing regressive tumor formation; and (d) rapidly growing progressive tumor formation. This demonstrates that the same diploid host cells transformed by the same virus reveal variable patterns of tumorigenic expression and some transformed host cells lack the tumorigenicity entirely. The findings that there are at least two chromosomes and four recombinant sites assigned for the proviral integrations of the sarcoma gene into the Indian muntjac gene (M. Hatanaka, R. Klein, R. Kominami, T. Oikawa, H. Okabe, N. Tsuchida, E. C. Connors, and A. Carrano. Transformation of Indian muntjac diploid cells by the proviral integration of sarcoma gene of a mouse retrovirus. Manuscript in preparation.) lead us to propose a hypothesis that variable expressions of tumorigenicity under the neutral background of immune responses, may arise from variable integrations of the sarcoma gene into the host chromosome.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

An analysis of the 4c complex of HL-A based on Indian populations.

Sera detecting part or all of the 4c group of HL-A antigenic specificities were compared in two American Indian populations, the Ixils and the Pimas, and in one Spanish-Indian hybrid population, the Mestizos of Peru. Several new variants appeared. These were not identical to HL-A5, W5 or W18. Two of the variants appeared to represent specificities Z57 and Z51 as described during the 1972 Histocompatibility Testing Workshop. In addition, three new specificities could be detected. These were Z42, Ao88 and Ao93. Z42, Ao88 appeared to belong to the 4c complex and Ao93, a new specificity of the second locus, may belong to this same cross-reactive group.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗

PubMed1979

Islet cell antibodies and diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians.

Pancreatic islet cell antibodies and 12 other autoantibodies were measured at the time of diabetes diagnosis in 46 Pima Indians, aged 17--47 years, and in 46 age-sex matched non-diabetic controls. Islet cell antibodies were found in only two diabetics, aged 20 and 25, compared with none of 46 controls. Neither of the subjects with islet cell antibodies had other autoantibodies. At least one type of autoantibody was found in 14 (30%) of the diabetics and in 14 controls, but none was significantly associated with diabetes. This study indicates that diabetes in the Pima Indians, even those with an onset below 25 years of age, is almost entirely of type II, in that the disease is not associated with islet cell antibodies, ketoacidosis, or insulin dependence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Association of PCSK9 and CCL22 gene polymorphisms with myocardial infarction in a South Indian population.

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major global cause of morbidity and mortality, with a particularly high burden among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Host genetic factors play a significant role in modulating individual susceptibility to MI by influencing lipid metabolism and immune-mediated inflammatory pathways. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene is a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, while C-C motif chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22) is involved in immune cell recruitment and vascular inflammation. In this study, we investigated the association of PCSK9 rs505151 and rs11591147 and CCL22 rs4359426 polymorphisms with MI risk in a South Indian population. This case-control study included 400 participants categorized into controls (n = 100), MI (n = 100), T2DM (n = 100), and MI with T2DM (n = 100). Significant differences in clinical and biochemical parameters, including lipid indices and cardiometabolic risk markers, were observed between groups (p < 0.05). Genetic analysis revealed a significant association between the PCSK9 rs505151 variant and MI susceptibility across allelic and genotypic distributions, with significant effects under dominant and recessive inheritance models. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed that the rs505151 risk genotype was independently associated with MI after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status. In contrast, PCSK9 rs11591147 was rare and showed no significant association. The CCL22 rs4359426 polymorphism showed limited evidence of association with MI, with a significant effect observed only under the dominant inheritance model. Furthermore, combined analysis using a genetic risk score suggested that cumulative genetic burden involving PCSK9 and CCL22 variants was associated with an increased risk of MI. Overall, our findings suggest that genetic variation in lipid-regulatory and immune-related pathways may contribute to MI susceptibility in South Indians. Further studies are warranted to validate these associations and clarify their biological and clinical relevance.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

The food and nutrient intakes of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico.

A nutritional survey of 372 semiacculturated Tarahumara Indians in the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains of Mexico was carried out to determine the composition of their diet and its nutritional adequacy. Dietary histories from 174 adults and 198 children were obtained by interviews and field observations during 1973 and 1974. The histories for the children were calculated in part from the menus of six boarding church schools. Nutrient calculations of daily intake were based upon food composition tables and some actual analyses of Tarahumara foods. The protein intake was ample, at 87 g, and generously met the FAO/WHO recommendations for daily intake of essential amino acids. Fat contributed only 12% of total calories, its composition being 2% saturated and 5% polyunsaturated with a P/S ratio of 2. The mean dietary cholesterol intake was very low, less than 100 mg/day, and the plant sterol intake was high, over 400 mg/day. Carbohydrate comprised 75 to 80% of total calories, mostly from starch. Only 6% of total calories were derived from simple sugars. The crude fiber intake was high, 18 to 21 g/day. Salt consumption was moderately low, 5 to 8 g/day. The daily intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A, ascorbic acid, thiamin niacin, riboflavin, and vitamin B6 exceeded or approximated the FAO/WHO recommendations. Thus, the simple diet of the Tarahumara Indians, composed primarily of beans and corn, provided a high intake of complex carbohydrate and was low in fat and cholesterol. Their diet was found to be generally of high nutritional quality and would, by all criteria, be considered antiatherogenic.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

Differences in pulmonary function tests among whites, blacks, and American Indians in a textile company.

Normal standards for pulmonary function in nonwhite populations are not presently available to occupational health workers. The present study examined differences in %FVC, FVC, FEV1/FVC, FEF 200-1200 and FEF 25-75% among whites, blacks, and American Indians. The sample consisted of 4209 job applicants to a textile company in southeastern United States. Multiple regression and analyses of covariance were employed to control differences in age, height, weight, and smoking status. Blacks were significantly lower in five of the six comparisons but higher in FEV1/FVC%. The pulmonary function measures of Indians fell generally between those of whites and blacks. Differences were observed between blacks and whites of both sexes regarding the effects of cigarette smoking. The need for race specific stardards was confirmed and the question of using smokers in the acquisition of normative data was raised.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Histocompatibility antigens in two American Indian tribes of French Guiana.

Two South American Indian populations were typed for HLA antigens. In each, the individuals typed were related and their genealogies were known. Determination of their genotypes was done; there seemed to be neither excess nor deficiency in homozygotes. The antigens observed, A2, A9, Aw19.2 (Aw30-Aw31), A28 for the first locus and B5, Bw15, Bw35, Bw40 for the second locus are in accordance with those previously described for other South American Indians. The two populations belong to the same primary linguistic family Tupi-Guarani and they live in the same geographic area, but there was no intertribal marriage until recently. Genetic drift can explain the differences observed.

French Guiana↗