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PubMed1977

Comparison of RNA and DNA synthesis, spontaneous and PHa induced, between blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. A study of scintillation counting and by autoradiography.

Spontaneous and PHA induced RNA and DNA synthesis was measured qualitatively by autoradiography and quantitatively by scintillation counting in blood lymphoic cells of newborn infants, older infants, and adults. Spontaneous RNA synthesis was found in transitional cells, large phagocytic lymphoid cells and lymphocytes. Transitional cells and phagocytic lymphoid cells also synthesized DNA spontaneously. Quantitatively, spontaneous RNA synthesis was active in both newborn infants and in adults, but significantly less so in older infants. PHA stimulation for 18 h increased RNA synthesis significantly in blood lymphoid cells of newborn infants and adults, and to a much lesser but still significant degree in older infants. Spontaneous DNA synthesis was significantly greater in newborn infants than in older infants and adults. PHA stimulation for 18 h had no effect on thymidine incorporation in any of the groups studied.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Abnormal regulation of ventilation in infants at risk for sudden-infant-death syndrome.

To test whether alveolar hypoventilation and an abnormal ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide explains some episodes of sudden-infant-death syndrome, we assessed ventilatory control during quiet sleep in 12 normal infants and 11 infants who had required at least two resuscitations because of prolonged apnea (greater than 20 seconds) during sleep (aborted form of the syndrome). Infants with the aborted syndrome hypoventilated during quiet sleep (alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 38.9+/-3.5 mm Hg) as compared to normal infants (35.1+/-1.9, P less than 0.01). In addition, the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide breathing during quiet sleep was impaired (mean change in minute ventilation per change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide 22.1+/-8.9, as compared to 63.1+/-19.1 ml per kilogram per minute per millimeter of mercury in controls [p less than 0.001]). Three infants with the "aborted syndrome" subsequently died during sleep at home; autopsy, done in two, revealed no apparent cause of death. We conclude that infants who have had an episode consistent with sudden-infant-death syndrome have a defect in the regulation of alveolar ventilation.

Apnea↗

PubMed1979

[Early detection and observation of the evolution of congenital malformations of the aorta in newborn infants, infants and young children].

UNLABELLED: 57 infants and small children (42 boys and 15 girls) with congenital aortic malformations were investigated. Clinical, ecg and X-ray follow-up was carried out. Following 4 groups of patients were separated: 1) neonates and infants with supraductal (preductal) aortic hypoplasia or atresia, with hypoplastic left ventricle of the heart (5 boys and 2 girls), 2) infants with supraductal coarctation of the aorta, without underdevelopment of the left heart cavities (2 boys and 2 girls), 3) infants and children with postductal coarctation of the aorta (17 boys and 3 girls) and 4) infants and children with valvular or/and subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis (18 boys and 8 girls). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital malformations of the aorta and of the left side of the heart should be suspected in all neonates and infants displaying early symptoms of cardiorespiratory failure, resembling frequently the symptoms of severe "pneumonia". Proper measurement and thorough analysis of arterial pulses and pressures in upper and lower extremities is of great importance in detection and differential diagnosis of congenital aortic malformations in infants, even when features of other cardiovascular lesions (e.g. ventricular septal defect, endocardial cushion defect, transposition of the great arteries) dominated in the clinical picture of complex malformations. Small amplitudes of peripheral arterial pulses, with considerably--prolonged upstroke time, small amplitude of arterial pressure measured in upper and lower extremities, co-existing with electrocardiographic patterns of the right ventricular hypertrophy--suggested an aortic malformation complicated by hypoplasia of the left ventricle. Distinctly lower systolic and mean arterial pressure in legs, than in arms was typical for coarctation of the aorta. Significant differences in diastolic pressure values in arms and legs with coexisting ecg patterns of dominating right ventricular hypertrophy should rise a suspicion of abnormal, separate communication of the ascending aorta, and the descending aorta, separately from the left and from the right ventricles of the heart. The electrocardiogram seems to be of great help in differentiation between aortic lesions with or without hypoplastic left ventricle, those with or without systemic right and left ventricle, and those with systemic left ventricle only. Early detection, diagnosis, prompt and proper medical and surgical treatment may be lifesaving for the majority of infants with congenital malformations of the aorta not complicated by left ventricular hypoplasia.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

The effects of the Rice infant sensorimotor stimulation treatment on the development of high-risk infants.

The Rice Infant Sensorimotor Stimulation (RISS) treatment was given to 15 premature infants to determine effects on neurophysiological development. The mothers of the infants were trained to administer the treatment for 15 minutes, 4 times a day, for 1 month, beginning the day the infant arrived home from the hospital. When each infant in the study (15 experimental and 14 control) was 4 months postnatal age, he/she was examined by a pediatrician, a psychologist, and a pediatric nurse who had no knowledge of which infant was experimental or control. The results indicated the experimental infants made significant gains in neurological development (p less than .001), weight gain (p less than .04), and mental development (p less than .05). The findings of this research indicate that early and systematic stimulation of the nerve pathways of the skin and of the vestibular nerve cells can accelerate growth and development of premature infants.

Child Development↗

PubMed1979

Neurologic abnormalities in near miss for sudden infant death syndrome infants.

As part of the Sudden Death Research Project at Stanford University School of Medicine, we have performed systematic neurologic examination of 41 near miss infants, 7 normal siblings of babies who died a sudden infant death, and 21 normal control infants. Many infants were examined longitudinally until 2 years of age. We found that near miss infants under 3 months of age had consistent abnormalities of muscle tone, particularly shoulder hypotonia. These abnormalities disappeared with maturation, but only 60% of older infants who had suffered near miss episodes of neurologically and developmentally normal. In addition, only one of the seven apparently normal siblings had an entirely normal neurologic examination when first seen. Thus, infants who present with near miss episodes may have an underlying central nervous system abnormality or may acquire some abnormality as a result of the episode.

California↗

PubMed1977

Postnatal triiodothyronine concentrations in healthy preterm infants and in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Postnatal changes in triiodotyronine (T3) concentration were investigated in 12 preterm infants of 26-34 weeks of gestational age. Blood for measurement of T3 was obtained from the cord at delivery and from infants at 1 day of age and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Seven of the babies suffered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and five were considred healthy. Gestational ages and body weight were comparable in both groups. In preterm infants with RDS, cord blood T3 concentration was significantly lower than that in cord blood of babies without RDS (22 +/- 2.6 versus 36 +/- 5 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). There was no significant rise in T3 concentration of RDS babies at 24 hr of age (22 +/- 2.6 versus 34.0 +/- 8 ng/dl, P greater than 0.05), and hypotriiodothyroninemia persisted for 3 weeks. At 4 weeks of age, T3 concentration in babies with RDS, although within the normal range (80-190 ng/dl), was significantly lower than that in the healthy preterm infants (110 +/- 10 versus 165 +/- 11 ng/dl, P less than 0.05). Postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants wre characterized by the absence of the initial hypertriiodothyroninemia and by a gradual rise within the first month of life. The noted difference in the pattern of postnatal T3 changes in healthy preterm infants compared to full term infants may reflect thyroid immaturity. The machanism and the significance of the neonatal hypotriiodothyroninemia in RDS and its long term effects on the development of these babies remain to be investigated.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1979

Effects of infant sociability and the caretaking environment on infant cognitive performance.

40 middle-class mothers and their 12-month-old infants participated in an examination of the extent to which infant sociability and infant home experiences were correlated with cognitive capacity. Results indicated that the measures of the home environment (including Caldwell's Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment [HOME] inventory) were not correlated with the measures of cognitive competence (Bayley Mental Development Index [MDI], Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development) except among firstborns. Measures of the home environment were, however, correlated with measures of infant sociability (assessed inside and outside the test situation): sociable infants had sociable mothers. The infants' reactions to strange adults clearly influenced their performance in testing situations. Strong relationships were found between both measures of sociability and both measures of cognitive competence. The sociable friendly infants received higher scores on both cognitive tests than the less sociable babies did.

Cognition↗

PubMed1979

The relationship between quality of infant-mother attachment and infant competence in initial encounters with peers.

18-month-old infants and their mothers were observed in the Ainsworth strange situation (SS) in order that security of attachment might be assessed. Infant dyads were created for observation in unstructured peer interaction according to their SS classification (security of attachment). Focus was on the subgroups within the securely attached (B) category. Results indicated a relationship between quality of infant-mother attachment and infant peer competence. The B1 and B2 infants engaged in more frequent and more sophisticated interaction with peers than did the B3 and B4 infants, who intensely sought proximity and contact with their mothers in the peer session just as in the SS. The B1 and B2 infants engaged in more distal interaction with their mothers and were more sociable with the peers' mothers and with the stranger in the SS. Implications of individual differences in quality of attachment for the development of social competence and social relationships are discussed.

Female↗

PubMed1975

The absorption of iron as supplements in infant cereal and infant formulas.

The absorption of iron was measured from isotopically tagged salts used in supplementing infant cereals and as the iron supplement in cow's milk and soy-based formulas. Iron as sodium iron pryophosphate and ferric orthophosphate were poorly absorbed from infant cereal (mean, smaller than 1.0%) and thus are not dependable sources of iron to meet the nutritional needs of infants. Reduced iron of very small particle size and ferrous sulfate when added to cereal was absorbed to a greater extent (mean, 4.0% and 2.7% respectively). For technical reasons, these two forms of iron had not been added to commercial cereal products because of discoloration, distribution problems of the iron in the product, and shortened shelf life. Therefore, at the present time, iron supplementation of infant cereals with sodium iron pyrophosphate, ferric orthophosphate, and reduced iron of large particle size does not provide a predictable and available source of iron to meet the needs of infants. Supplemental iron as ferrous sulfate in milk- and soy-based formulas gave a mean absorption of 3.4% and 5.4%. The iron supplements in these formulas can essentially meet the needs for dietary iron of healthy infants.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

The effect of availability and utilization of prenatal care and hospital services on infant mortality rates. Summary of the findings of the Louisiana Infant Mortality Study. Part II.

A total of 69,556 birth and 1,541 death certificates from Louisiana, 1972, were reviewed. Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were computed for number of prenatal visits, type of hospital of delivery, hospital vs. nonhospital delivery, and geographical access to health care. The mortality rates were twice as great for infants born outside of hospitals. With no prenatal care, the infant mortality rates were between four- and tenfold greater than the rates of women receiving more than nine visits even when race, poverty, geography, and birth weight were considered. Infant mortality rates were twice as high in the neonatal period and three times greater in the postneonatal period among the poor who utilized charity hospitals. This study illustrates a method which could be incorporated into state vital statistics reports which would detect populations at risk of excess infant deaths and would provide a more refined analysis of birth and infant death data to monitor improvements in care of high-risk groups.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1979

The QT interval in aborted sudden infant death syndrome infants.

The QT interval was measured in 12 normal and 7 aborted sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants in rapid eye movement (REM) and quiet sleep at monthly intervals through the age of 4 months. An accuracy of better than 2 msec was assured by high resolution of the digitized signal and calibration of each QT measurement with an accurately generated time code. In contrast to current speculations, the QT index was significantly smaller in the infants with aborted SIDS than in the normal infants in both REM and quiet sleep (P less than 0.05). In addition, as in normal infants, the QTc was smaller in REM than in quiet sleep (P less than 0.01). Although these results offer no support for the hypothesis that SIDS results from prolongation of the QT interval, they suggest that aborted SIDS infants have a functional abnormality in the autonomic nervous system.

Autonomic Nervous System↗

PubMed1979

Periodic breathing in infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome.

Twelve-hour nocturnal home recordings of respiration and heart rates were obtained during sleep in 32 infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and in 32 control infants, and the recordings were analyzed for periodic breathing. An episode of periodic breathing was defined as three or more apneic pauses of three or more seconds. The duration of respirations interrupting the pauses was 20 seconds or less. Analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (P less than .001) between the two groups, using criteria of percent of periodic breathing episodes, number of periodic breathing episodes/100 min of recorded sleep time, average duration of all episodes, and duration of the longest episode of periodic breathing. It is concluded that periodic breathing is present in excessive amounts during sleep in infants with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome.

Apnea↗

PubMed1979

Neurobehavioral performance of low-birthweight infants at 40 weeks conceptional age: comparison with normal fullterm infants.

This study compares the neurobehavioral status of 118 low-birthweight infants tested at 40 weeks conceptional age with that of 76 normal fullterm infants. A neonatal neurobehavioral examination comprising 21 test and four summary items was used. The most striking differences between the groups were found in visual and auditory orienting, with approximately two-thirds of the low-birthweight infants falling below the range of performance of the fullterm group. Items testing motor performance showed a lower incidence of deviant performance among the low-birthweight infants. Of the 21 test items, 19 could be assigned cut-off scores, below which infants can be considered deviant on the specific items.

Auditory Perception↗

PubMed1976

The effect of feeding on oxygen consumption, RQ and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate in newborn infants of diabetic mothers and small for gestational age infants.

Eight infants of strictly controlled diabetic mothers (IDM), 8 infants of gestational diabetic mothers (IGDM) and 6 small for gestational age infants (SGA) were studied before the first feeding and during an early feeding regimen. In IDMs and IGDMs continuous monitoring from 2 hours up to 7 1/2 hours after birth before feeding revealed no consistent changes of VO2 and RQ. The groups of infants were studied on 4 different occasions: (I) 2 to 16 hours, (II) 1 to 2 days, (III) 3 to 4 days, and (IV) 7 to 11 days. Prefeeding VO2-values were not significantly different between each of the groups, but mean RQ was higher in IGDMs than in IDMs. Age of the infant and prefeeding RQ were inversely correlated (r = -0.537, p less than 0.02). With increasing age and milk intake VO2 increased significantly in all groups. RQ decreased during the first 24 to 48 hours in all groups and rose thereafter with highest values at 7 to 11 days. Plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were not significantly different between each of the group. The highest values for D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were found at 1-2 days when the lowest RQ values were also recorded. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and RQ values (r = 0.648, p less than 0.001) were inversely correlated suggesting increasing oxidation of fat. Feeding resulted in a marked rise in RQ to values around unity, which preceded a distinct increase in VO2 that reached a maximum at 1 to 1 1/2 hour after the feed, then slowly returned to pretest values. The rise in VO2 was accompanied by an increase in rectal temperature (0.4 to 1.5 degrees C). VO2, RQ, and plasma levels of glucose, FFA, and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, were almost identical for each of the groups. We suggest: 1) That differences in feeding practice is the most likely explantation for the discrepancy between reported values for VO2, RQ, and circulating substrates in normal and low birth weight newborns. 2) That the rise in VO2 during the neonatal period, caused by feeding, reflects the cost of growth.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Mixed and obstructive sleep apnea and near miss for sudden infant death syndrome: 2. Comparison of near miss and normal control infants by age.

Twenty-nine full-term near miss for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 30 normal control infants underwent 24-hour polygraphic monitoring. Several types of respiratory events during sleep (eg, central, mixed, and obstructive apnea, periodic breathing) were defined and tabulated. Analysis of these respiratory variables and comparison of groups of near miss and control infants indicated that between 3 weeks and 4 1/2 months of age only one variable was consistently different at a statistically significant level: the number of mixed and obstructive apnea greater than 3 seconds during total sleep time. This study also showed an increase in mixed and obstructive respiratory events during sleep at 6 weeks of age in control as well as in near miss infants.

Female↗

PubMed1978

The science of infant nutrition and the art of infant feeding.

Using the recommendations of the Committe on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant formulas as a scientific base, practical guidelines for feeding infants are given. Breast feeding or the use of a prepared formula meets these recommendations while evaporated milk, fresh cow's milk, and skimmed milk, despite widespread use for many years, do not. The feeding of strained foods and infants cereals should be begun when the infant has reached the stage of development appropriate for feeding from a spoon and swallowing nonliquid foods, usually between 3 and 6 months of age. Lifelong eating patterns begin during this period. Adjusting caloric intake to needs and learning to enjoy a variety of foods are major objectives of feeding practices.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Signal functions of infant facial expression and gaze direction during mother-infant face-to-face play.

Recent studies of adult-infant interaction suggest that adults modify their behavior in order to change or maintain an infant's state of arousal. We pursued this question by asking whether mothers modify their actions in response to infant facial expression or gaze direction. Subjects were 7 mother-infant (4--8 month old) pairs in which mothers were instructed to bet their babies to smile. From these filmed interactions the infant's mouth, gaze, and head direction were coded, and the mother's movements were coded as single acts or bouts. Results of an exploratory analysis indicate that, when trying to get a baby to smile using tactile and kinesthetic stimulation, mothers tend to respond to negative changes of affect and attention by changing the content of their actions, taking a long pause, or decreasing the number of acts in a bout.

Arousal↗

PubMed1976

Questions to the supply of young infants with fat and fatty acids. II. Fat content and fatty acid pattern in milk formulae for healthy infants in the first 6 months of life.

The fat content and the fatty acid pattern were analyzed in 30 commercially prepared milk formulae for healthy infants in the fisrt 6 months of life. We found an average fat content of 3.4 g or 3.6 g/100 ml in "partly adapted" and "adapted" milk formulae, between 1.4 g and 3.3 g/100 ml in "not defined" milk formulae. We regard a fat content lower than 3.0 g/100 ml and more than 4.0 g/100 ml as not advisable. In most milk formulae the ratio of saturated: unsaturated fatty acids is similar to the ratio in human milk fat. This ratio is obtained from a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable oils or by a mixture of various vegetable fats. The difference in the fatty acid pattern between the milk formulae and the fatty acid pattern in mature human milk are demonstrated and discussed. The tolerance of milk formulae for young infants is not influenced in an unfavorable manner by butyic acid. A high portion of lauric acid in mild formulae seems undesirable. The importance of the position of palmitic acid in the triglycerides of milk formulae for infants is discussed, and it is referred to the advantage of a mixture of cow's milk fat with vegetable fats. A linoleic acid content of 3 kcal% in the minimum and 7 kcal% in the maximum in milk formulae for infants is regarded as advisable.

Animals↗