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Results for “Karyometry”

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PubMed1976

CNS-endocrine pancreas system. I. The hypothalamus response to insulin deficiency.

The anterior, medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei in alloxan-diabetic male rats were studied by karyometry. Selective responsiveness of separate nuclei of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the anterior hypothalamus was revealed. In the MBH cell nuclear-size changes were most prominent in the ventromedial nucleus and less pronounced, but significant, in the arcuate nucleus. In the anterior hypothalamus a significant response was produced by the supraoptic nucleus. The authors do not exclude the possibility that the reaction of the neurosecretory cells of the supraotic nucleus is indirect and reflects disturbed vasopressin balance in alloxan-diabetic rats in response to impairment of water-salt metabolism. The responsiveness of the MBH nuclei is considered as evidence for their involvement, the bentromedial nucleus in particular, in hypothalamic control of the endocrine pancreas. Various means by which insulin-sensitive hypothalamic areas may be implicated in this control are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

CNS-endocrine pancreas system. II. Response of dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerves to insulin deficiency.

Sensitivity of the vagal dorsal nucleus nerve cells to insulin deficiency was revealed in alloxan-diabetic rats by karyometry. Control measurements showed absence of similar changes in cell nuclear sizes of the adjoining area, the Nucltractus solitarii. The results provide evidence in favour of a selective response of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerves to insulin deficiency and allow assumption that not only the peripheral vagus but the central component of this cholinergic system contribute to endocrine pancreas control. It is suggested that the medial basal hypothalamus and the system of the vagus are links of a single control mechanism regulating endocrine pancreas and represented at different levels of the central and peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Karyometric studies of the nucleus preopticus in fish (Clarias batrachus) and toad (Bufo andersonii).

With the object of investigating the so called 'feedback' mechanism, whereby hormones from the various endocrine glands influence the hypothalamus in its regulation of the hypophysial tropic hormones, the activity of the nucleus preopticus (NPO) has been studied by means of karyometry under experimental conditions to understand the endocrine nature of the hypothalamic nuclei. (1) Oestrogen and testosterone propionate caused an increase in nuclear volume of the NPO cells, which is related to the synthesis of secretion. An increase of the nuclear volume is attributed to an increase of secretion. (2) Methylthiouracil (MTU) and thiourea bring about shrinkage in nuclear dimensions (p less than 0.001). Depletion of NSM is noticed in the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system after MTU administration. (3) Two to five days' administration brings about depletion of NSM in the cells of the NPO. Eight to 15 days' metopiron treatment enhanced the activity of NPO cells. (4) Hypophysectomy caused shrinkage of the NPO cell nuclei, depletion of AF-stainable material in the cells of the NPO. ACTH treatment reversed these changes and brought about hypertrophy of the neurosecretory cells. (5) Neomercazole treatment and radiothyroidectomy bring about shrinkage in the NPO cell nuclei. Thyroidectomized toads when injected with thyroxine showed an enlargement of their nuclei.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Nuclear morphometry of primary B cell thyroid lymphoma.

Thyroid lymphoma is usually distinguished from anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and from Hashimoto's thyroiditis by morphological and immunohistochemical assessment of tissue sections. Our objective was to assess the value of nuclear morphometry in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. Nuclear area measurements were performed on 10 cases of thyroid lymphoma using an IBAS 2000 Image Analyser and compared with similar measurements performed on 10 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 2 of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. It was found that karyometry demonstrated differences between all three conditions, the cases of thyroiditis being distinguishable from lymphoma on the basis of mean nuclear area alone. Mean nuclear area for lymphomas was greater than for Hashimoto's thyroiditis and lower than for anaplastic carcinomas. The mean nuclear area also reflected the grade of lymphoma, with the exception of one case which had a large reactive T cell population. It is concluded that nuclear morphometry provides valuable information in the diagnosis and assessment of thyroid lymphomas.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

[Functional state of the human adrenals according to morphological analysis data and some remarks on the method of studying them].

When studying the morphology of the adrenals sufficiently exact criteria for their evaluation are necessary. Some of them may be obtained from complex macro- and microscopical investigations with the use of biometry and mathematical statistics. The work analyzes macroscopical (weight, volume, specific gravity) and microscopical (qualitative -- plethora, content of lipids, foci of cytolysis, mosaity etc. and quantitative -- absolute and relative dimensions of zones, cyto- and karyometry, interrelationship of zones, their relationship with KNP as a whole) data. On their grounds the estimation of the functional state of the adrenal cortex is made depending on the mechanism and causes of death as well as on duration of the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Changes in the activity of the ependyma in the infundibular recess of the brain of Rana esculenta L. in the annual cycle.

Volume of the cell nuclei of the ependyma of the infundibular recess was measured in 30 female and 30 male water frogs (Rana esculenta L.) obtained from their natural environment, taking into account the phase of the annual cycle. Karyometry of the ependymal cell nuclei in the infundibular recess in males and females showed statistically significant differences of volume (activity) in the annual cycle. The largest volume of nuclei of the ependymal cells in females and males was observed in the first decade of April (end of hibernation), and the smallest in the first decade of September (end of the period of active life). Activity of nuclei of cells from the infundibular recess clearly correlated with gonadal development.

Activity Cycles↗

PubMed1979

Effect of hypervitaminosis A on tongue muscles of the rat. A morphometric study.

Daily administration of 200 I.U. vitamin A/gram body weight to rats, for a period of 10 days, causes generalized hypertrophy of the tongue muscles. The data were confirmed with morphometric techniques, consisting of increased cytoplasm and decreased nuclei and empty spaces, obtained by the Chalkley technique, nuclei of similar volume, obtained with the use of karyometry, and larger areas of cross-sections of muscle fibers.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of chronic alcoholic intoxication on the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory centers in rats].

Experiments were conducted on male rats; by means of quantitative cytochemical analysis and karyometry circadian rhythm of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system function was studied. In the evening (9--10 p.m.) the intensity of the synthesis, transport, and neurosecretion showed a significant elevation in comparison with the day (3--4 p.m.). Neurosecretory process was suppressed and the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system activity was disturbed in rats given a 5% ethanol solution as the only source of fluid for 2 months. As suggested, damage of an important biorhythm synchronizer (the neurosecretory centers of the hypothalamus) could play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholism.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1978

CNS--endocrine pancreas system. III. Further studies on the vagal responsiveness to insulin deficiency.

Distribution and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the neurons of the central vagal nuclei at the level of the medulla oblongata were studied in intact and alloxan-diabetic adult male rats by Gomori's histochemical method. Peculiarities of intracellular distribution of the enzyme in the Nucl. dorsalis n. vagi (ND) and Nucl. ambiguus n. vagi (NA) of intact animals were demonstrated. Changes in the ratio of cholinergic neurons with moderate and strongly-positive AChE staining reactions were revealed in the ND of alloxan-diabetic rats. The dynamics of the changes attested to increased AChE activity of these neurons in response to insulin deficiency. The data obtained are additional evidence for the responsiveness of ND neurons to insulin deficiency, which was demonstrated earlier in alloxan-diabetic rats by karyometry (Akmayev and Rabkina, 1976 b). It is suggested that changes in the plasma glucose or insulin levels may be the stimulus that influences the activity of the ND cholinergic neurons. By means of this mechanism the central vagal nucleus at the medulla oblongata level may be implicated in the feedback control of insulin secretion.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1978

[Hormones and differentiation of retinal ganglion cells during embryogenesis of mice of the mutant line ocular retardation (karyometric study)].

Hormonal effects on differentiation of neuroblasts forming the ganglionic zone have been studied in hereditary damaged ocular retina of mice from the mutant line "ocular retardation" (or). By the method of karyometry, it has been demonstrated that injection of cortisone, triiodethyronine and somatotropic hormone on the 8--9--10th, as well as on the 11--12--13--14th or on the 9--10--11--13--14th days of gestation produce statistically significant volumetric decrease or increase of the ganglionic cell nuclei in the retina of 15-day-old embryos or/or. The data obtained and those from the literature suggest that the hormones mentioned above, depending on the dose and prenatal stage in the or/or mice, increase or decrease the inhibiting effects of the mutant gene or on the differentiation of ganglionic cells of the ocular retina in embryos.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Numerical density of nuclei in the sheep placenta.

A method is described for estimating the number of nuclei of different cell types in the sheep placenta. The method was applied to the study of six placentas of different ages and the results have been correlated with data on the chemical composition and the physiology of the ovine placenta. In agreement with studies of placental DNA content, there is no demonstrable increase in the total number of placental nuclei in the last two months of gestation. However, the number of fetal mesenchymal nuclei decreases and there is a concomitant increase of fetal endothelial nuclei from 80 days to term. These changes correlate with a decrease in volume of the core of the placental villi and increase in umbilical blood flow.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Prognostic assessment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus using karyometric analysis and nucleolar organizer regions.

To investigate prognostic values for squamous cell carcinoma, we measured nuclear area (NA), nuclear shape factor (NSF), DNA content and mean number of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 39 patients with superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. NA and DNA content were significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis. NA and the NOR number were also significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those surviving for more than 3 years without recurrence. To determine the optimal combination of these parameters for prognostic assessment, we used a stepwise discriminant analysis to obtain two linear discriminant functions. One (f = 0.331 x NA + 6.64 x NSF + 9.85) gave an accuracy of 87.2% in predicting lymph node metastasis, and the other (f = -0.071 x NA - 2.34 x NOR + 13.0) yielded an overall accuracy of 88.9% in classifying patients into two groups with a better and worse prognosis. These results suggest that karyometric analysis and determination of the NOR number are useful for the prediction of disease outcome in patients with superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Muscle trophic factor: I. Assay of a muscle trophic factor by measurement of muscle cell nuclei.

A method for assaying a skeletal muscle cell trophic factor in chicken serum is described. The number of myoblast and myotube nuclei was considered to reflect the rate of myoblast multiplication and was thus adopted as an index for the activity of the trophic factor. In a 35-mm Falcon plastic Petri dish, 2.5 x 10(40) to 10(5) myoblasts were cultured. The culture medium consisted of 85% Eagle's minimum essential medium and 15% horse serum. The assay medium was composed of 2.4 ml of this culture medium and 0.1 ml of partially purified trophic factor or appropriately diluted chicken serum. Four dishes were prepared for each sample under identical conditions. On day 4 of incubation, cells were fixed, stained and observed under a microscope, and the number of nuclei in 20 fields was counted. The mean number of nuclei obtained from the four dishes was used to denote a single point. A three-point common-zero method of slope-ratio assay was used to calculate activity. The activity of the trophic factor was expressed with reference to the effect of the control serum on myoblast multiplication.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

A quantitative microscopical study of tumour cell nuclei in lymphatic metastasis, using a Quantimet.

The projected areas of nuclei of tumour cells in experimental and human tumours have been measured with a Quantimet. In nearly all the specimens examined the nuclei in the lymph node metastasis, and the nuclei in the site from which metastasis had occurred, were similar in size. In one case of human breast cancer, nuclei in the axillary nodal metastasis were twice as large as those in the mammary primary. In another case of human breast cancer a few very large nuclei were seen only in the mammary primary.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Sizes and numbers of nuclei in the cortex of thymus glands of red-billed weavers Quelea quelea.

The cortex of the thymus glands of embryos, chicks, juveniles, fledglings and adults from several colonies of Quelea quelea were studied using an image analyser (Quantimet 720) to determine cell populations and nuclear sizes. Just prior to hatching the lobes showed a high level of mitosis and consisted of predominantly small lymphocytes. The larger glands of chicks and juveniles had higher cell populations; pyknotic cells and erythrocytes occurred free in the cortex. The lobes of adults were more variable but in general mitosis occurred in enlarging glands of adults from colonies with eggs; most lobes contained pyknotic cells but not in such high numbers as in lobes from chicks and fledglings. Erythrocytes were common, occurring in large numbers in the cortex in some birds. The factors affecting the interpretation of these data are discussed in detail.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1976

The effect of prolactin on kidney structure of the euryhaline teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus during adaptation to fresh water.

The effect of injections of ovine prolactin on kidney structure was examined in the first 10 days following transfer of seawater sticklebacks to fresh water. In hormone injected animals as well as in controls the glomeruli increase slightly in size after transfer. The podocytes intensify the secretion of mucopolysaccharides, which is indicative of increased turnover of the components of the glomerular basal lamina. The nuclei of the podocytes become enlarged, while those of the juxtaglomerular cells decrease in size. These changes are related to the well known rise of the glomerular filtration rate following transfer to fresh water. Structural indications that prolactin is involved in the control of glomerular filtration were not found. The epithelial cells of the three nephronic segments and of the ureter become considerably better developed after transfer to fresh water. Cell height, nuclear and mitochondrial volume, and surface of the membranes of the basal labyrinth increase in all tubular epithelia, although not to the same extent. Increases are moderate in the first proximal segment, but increasingly higher for the second proximal segment, collecting duct and the ureter. Especially the growth of membrane surface of the basal labyrinth, site of ion transport mechanisms, is impressive. In controls, values characteristic for freshwater fishes are reached in 6 to 9 days for all parameters for cellular development. Prolactin injections greatly stimulate growth rates in all tubular epithelia: freshwater values are reached within 3 days. No further increase was found, however.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1976

Ultrastructure of the endocrine cell types in the adenohypophysis of the teleost, Poecilial latipinna--a morphometric model.

A morphometric model providing detailed quantitative information on the ultrastructure of the adenohypophysial endocrine cells has been developed for Poecilia latipinna. The model consists of various morphological components quantified in terms of volumes, surfaces or numbers. For prolactin and growth hormone cells, appropriate results are expressed relative to the average volume of that cell type. The difficulties of quantifying EM data on pituitary glands, together with the various sources of error to which the data are clearly open, have been discussed. Some practical application of quantitative EM to problems in fish pituitary research are outlined.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the stratified epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa.

The epithelium of normal human buccal mucosa was subjected to stereologic analysis. Ten biopsies were selected from a total of 20 specimens collected from 10 to 15 year old females, and processed for light- and electron microscopy. At two levels of magnification, electron micrographs were sampled from four strata in epithelial ridges and from three strata in regions over connective tissue papillae. Stereologic point counting based on a recently improved system for analyzing stratified epithelia was employed to analyze a toatl of 1820 electron micrographs. Buccal epithelium was found to be 0.48 mm thick, interdigitated by long, slender connective tissue papillae, and comprised of a narrow basal and suprabasal, and a broad, homogeneously structured spinous and surface compartment. From basal to surface layers, the epithelium displayed a differentiation pattern different from that of keratinizing epithelia. This pattern was a function mainly of a drastic density increase of cytoplasmic filaments of a constant 80 A diameter, a corresponding decrease of the cytoplasmic ground substance, the appearance of dark-cored membrane coating granules and individually varying amounts of glycogen deposition. It is suggested that the dense meshwork of filaments which fill 70% of the epithelial cytoplasm in a broad subsurface and surface layer, serves as the functional matrix for epithelial distensibility.

Adolescent↗