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By means of well-roven methods of investigation the Pacinian corpuscles in the meso-jejunum of the cat were injected with vital stains (patent blue violet and Japanese ink), and the transport of dyestuffs through the lymphatic system established.
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After mentioning the lymphangiographical methods for the study of the lower limb channels, the authors illustrate a new technique which allows, in at least 15% of cases, the simultaneous study of both the superficial and deep lymphatic systems.
The distribution of lymph vessels in the human testis was investigated using ink injection methods, and light and electron microscopy. Lymph capillaries occur in the septula testis but are absent in the intertubular tissue. They consist of endothelial cells provided with an incomplete basal lamina and anchoring filaments of the adjacent connective tissue. Frequently, the endothelial cells are separated by gaps measuring up to 2 micron. The lymph capillaries of the septula testis are connected to lymph vessels in the rete testis and tunica albuginea. These vessels have occasional smooth muscle cells and valves. At the posterior margin of the testis, the network of lymph vessels merges into collecting ducts, which together with vessels derived from the rete testis are drained by the lymphatic system in the spermatic cord.
The pattern, distribution, and extent of the lymphatic circulation in the canine renal cortex was studied with light and electron microscopy, in two groups of animals, one with and one without ipsilateral ureteric obstruction for 3 days. Recognition of lymphatics in tissue sections was facilitated by mild dilatation, induced in both groups by ligation of the renal collecting vessels for 4 to 6 hours, and by retrograde injection of tracer in a third group. Of 77 lymphatics present in 180 blocks from six kidneys, approximately one third were intralobular, the remainder being primarily associated with interlobular blood vessels. The cross-sectional area of interlobular lymphatics was almost twice that of intralobular lymphatics. The relationships of these lymphatics were analyzed quantitatively. Intralobular lymphatics had primary relationships with terminal arteries, arterioles, renal corpuscles, and tubular elements. Both inter- and intralobular lymphatics had secondary relationships with a small proportion of all components of the cortical parenchyma including juxtaglomerular complexes. The most common association was between lymphatics and elements of the vascular tree. Morphometric analysis was used to obtain volume density data on the composition of the renal cortex. The volume density of lymphatics was 0.0026 in ureter-obstructed kidneys and 0.0017 in nonobstructed kidneys. The cross-sectional surface area of lymphatics in ureter-obstructed kidneys was significantly larger than those in nonobstructed kidneys. The volume density of other cortical components was found to be in good agreement with published data. From the volume density data, it was concluded that the volume of lymph in the renal cortex, under conditions of mild lymphatic dilatation, was about 1% that of the volume of blood in the cortical peritubular capillaries.
The demonstration of retroperitoneal intralymphatic primary or secondary tumors requires a progressive radiological investigation beginning with simple methods and advancing to more complicated ones. Radiological lymphography is a method which is superior due to its ability to demonstrate small structures in lymphatic vessels and lymphnodes. However, the usefulness of lymphography is limited partially to the retroperitoneal lymphatic system and to gross changes. To improve diagnostic accuracy further diagnostic measures are needed, namely intravenous urography, venocavography, lumbar venography of catheter, sonotomography of the upper abdomen and lymphatic scintigraphy. Exstirpation of lymphnodes- possibly by explorative laparotomy- and histopathological examination enables an extact assessment of lymphnodes of microscopical dimension as determination of the tumor type. The value and limits of complementary methods and the criteria for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of metastatic lymphnodes and lymphoreticular systemic diseases are discussed. The significance of lymphography for evaluation of topographic expansion of pathological lymphnode changes, the further course of the disease and the effect of therapy according to the authors' experience are presented. It is stressed that the value of lymphography in diagnosing the type of disease is limited.
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Mice CFW were infected per os with Trichinella pseudospiralis (150 larvae/mice). The mice were divided in two groups: nonstimulated and stimulated intraperitoneally with PHA-P at dose 10 mg/kg body weight. The animals were killed 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 150 day post infection (d.p.i.). Spleen et mesenteric lymph nodes were examined histopathologically (Hematoxylin-Eosin) and histochemically (nonspecific esterase reaction) for differentiation of T lymphocytes. The obtained results reveal that T. pseudospiralis infection caused weak mobilisation of mouse lymphatic system lasting only to 70 day of experiment. In the lymphatic organs of infected mice small number of T lymphocytes were observed mostly between 28 and 56 d.p.i. The intraperitoneally stimulation with PHA-P give rise to caused only little mobilisation of lymphatic tissue and small increase of T lymphocytes number. The obtained results were compared with analogic earlier experiments with T. spiralis infection.
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An original method of studying the functional state of the lymphatic system-lymphotachoradiography, elaborated in the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology of the USSR Acadeny of Medical Sciences, was found to be rather effective in estimating metastatic spread of the uterine cervix and body cancer. The coefficients of phagocytosis of colloid particles by lymphoid tissue are determined. Normal coefficients are equal for inguinal, iliac and paraaortic groups of lymph nodes to 1.60+/-0.05; 1.40+/-+/-0.04; 1.10+/-0.10 accordingly. In some pathological changes in lymph nodes these coefficients are changed: 0.41+/-0.01; 0.48+/-0.01; 0.24+/-0.05, correspondingly.
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Lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries in the system of the connective tissue were studied by the method of scanning (raster) electron microscopy. It was shown that these capillaries consisted of chains of ballon-shaped structures-sinuses. Lymphatic capillaries represent an open system which is communicated with the intercellular matter of the connective tissue by means of openings ensuring filtration of the tissue liquid. Impairment of the absorbing function in the fibrous process in the lungs led to deposition in connective tissue cells of cellular detritus and foreign particles with formation around the walls of lymphatic capillaries and postcapillaries of residue-collector zones. Overgrowth of a rough fibrous tissue around these zones brought about atrophy and obliteration of vessels, gradual attenuation of the drenage function in the given region of microcirculation.
In the special literature, values of pressures in the lymphatics trunks vary within very large limits, frequently in a contradictory manner, a fact that may generate confusion in the case of interpretation of pathological data. Following an analysis of numerous lymphographic aspects an explanation can be provided, for the radiological modifications of lymph vessels in various pathological circumstances, starting from the most plausible data concerning the lymph circulation in the limbs.
The effects of bile and site of gastrointestinal absorption on the lymphatic absorption of the highly lipophilic drug, mepitiostane were examined using thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The lymphatic absorption from the small intestine was very small in the absence of bile compared with that when bile was present. The lymphatic absorption was greatest when drug was administered to the upper small intestine with bile, was smaller for the lower regions of the small intestine, and was negligible for the stomach and the large intestine. A correlation was observed between the extent of lymphatic absorption and the secretion of chylomicron and very low density lipoproteins after administration to various regions with or without bile. The portal absorption data of mepitiostane confirmed that site specificity occurs in the partition of drug between blood and lymph.