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PubMed1991

[Genetic and environmental characteristics in dento-craniofacial morphology--using materials from survey on Latin American Indians].

Most previous researches of hereditary characteristics of the craniofacial skeleton have used the twin-study method. In this study, dental anthropological materials were used to clarify genetic and environmental characteristics of the dento-craniofacial morphology. The sample consisted of four groups including Mexican Indians (N = 71), Peruvian Indians (N = 41) and their ancient ancestors: skulls of Mexican Indians (N = 33) and Peruvian Indians (N = 34). These groups shared the common origin of the Mongoloid race. Morphological similarity and difference among these groups were examined by principal component analysis and Student t-test using the dento-craniofacial data based on roentgenographic cephalograms and dental casts. The morphological similarity means the genetic characteristics which maintained during time differences between ancient and present times and throughout regional differences between Mexico and Peru. The morphological difference means the environmental characteristics which produced during the time differences and throughout the regional differences. Results were as follows: (1) The genetic morphological characteristics were found predominantly in the anterior cranial base, the dental arch form and to a certain extent in the basal portion of the mandible and the vertical dimension of the naso-maxillary complex. (2) The environmental characteristics were found predominantly in the muscular portion of the mandible, the alveolar portions of the maxilla and the mandible, the length of the dental arch and to a certain extent in the antero-posterior dimension of the maxilla.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Genetic polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 in the Tundra Nentsi population of Siberia.

The purpose of this study was to establish the frequencies of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphic genotypes in the Tundra Nentsi population, which is a small indigenous northern people living in Siberia and belonging to the Northern Mongoloid race. The frequencies of Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val genotypes in the Tundra Nentsi population, as determined by means of the allele-specific PCR, were 50.8%, 39.2%, and 10%, respectively. Thus, the Val allele frequency in Tundra Nentsi appeared to be as high (29.5%) as in the Japanese population (25%) reported elsewhere. Those frequencies in the reference group of Siberian Caucasians were in good agreement with the data reported elsewhere for other Caucasians, although the Val allele frequency observed in Siberia inhabitants (5.7%) was somewhat higher than those frequencies obtained for other Caucasian populations. By means of PCR followed by specific-site digestion with MvaI endonuclease, we analysed the frequencies of CYP2D6B allele in the Tundra Nentsi population. The frequencies of 2D6wt/2D6wt and 2D6wt/B in the group of 120 Nentsi were 84.2% and 15.8%, respectively, with no subject possessing the 2D6B/2D6B genotype. The group of Siberian Caucasians represented those frequencies as 67.7%, 27.1%, and 5.2%, respectively. In total, the frequency of CYP2D6B allele in the Tundra Nentsi population was half that in Caucasians (8.3% vs. 19%). Taken together, our data indicate that the frequencies of CYP2D6B and Val allele of CYP1A1 in Tundra Nentsi population are different from those obtained for Caucasians. We also found similarities in the CYP1A1 mutation frequencies in the Tundra Nentsi and Japanese populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma of the major salivary glands.

Undifferentiated carcinoma with lymphoid stroma or lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the major salivary glands is a demographically and histopathologically unique malignancy. Although whites may have the disease, it is preponderantly a carcinoma of North American Eskimos and native Greenlanders. The carcinoma shares many features with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas, from which it must be distinguished: histologic appearance, putative relationship with Epstein-Barr virus, predilection for mongoloid races, and response to therapy. In some cases, the carcinoma appears to have evolved from a lymphoepithelial lesion.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck region--a five-year study (1984-88).

Two hundred and seventy-two patients with 292 lesions of basal cell carcinoma of the head and neck region treated at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital over a period of five years, were reviewed. Basal cell carcinoma is common in the face, the lesser pigmented mongoloid race of our population and has a higher incidence in the elderly age group. A large number (63%) of the basal cell carcinoma are of the pigmented variety, a very unusual feature. The commonest site of occurrence is the nose (37%). Of the 292 basal cell carcinoma excised, 27 (9%) had tumour involvement of the margins of excision. However, of these 27 cases, only 4 have presented with recurrent tumour. The place of close observation and immediate re-excision of positive margins is discussed. The 4 cases of recurrent basal cell carcinoma involved the nose and lip area, areas with a known higher incidence of recurrence. The results of treatment (98.7% cure rate) of this group are encouraging and compares well with those of other series and using other modalities of treatment. Longer follow-up is required.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Human aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes and alcohol sensitivity.

The metabolism of acetaldehyde has received considerable attention in the past owing to its acute and chronic toxic effects in humans. Two major hepatic ALDH isozymes, ALDH I and ALDH II, differing in their structural and functional properties, have been characterized in humans. ALDH I has a low Km for acetaldehyde and is primarily a mitochondrial enzyme, while ALDH II has a higher Km and is of cytosolic origin. An inherited deficiency of ALDH I isozyme found only among Oriental populations is primarily responsible for producing acute alcohol sensitivity symptoms (flushing response) after consumption of small doses of alcohol. Biochemical, immunochemical, and molecular genetics data indicate a structural mutation in the ALDH I isozyme gene responsible for the loss in catalytic activity. Population genetic studies have revealed the prevalence of ALDH polymorphism among individuals of the Mongoloid race. Flushing response to alcohol is a familial trait, and preliminary family data from Japan, China, and Korea suggest an autosomal codominant inheritance for ALDH I isozyme deficiency. The ALDH polymorphism is apparently responsible for the low incidence of alcoholism in Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans. Alcohol sensitivity due to ALDH I isozyme deficiency may inhibit excessive alcohol drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

[Distribution of HLA class I antigen in Finno-Ugrian populations of Russia (Mordovians and Maris)].

Distributions and gametic associations of HLA I antigens were studied in two Finno-Ugrian populations of Russia: Mordovians (300 subjects, including 148 Erzyas and 152 Mokshas) and Maris (137 subjects). Regarding the Mordovian population, Erzya and Moksh subpopulations significantly differed from each other only in the frequency of the A9 antigen. However, the Mari and Mordovian populations differed from each other considerably. Maris exhibited higher frequencies of antigens A9, B27, and B40 and lower frequencies of B5, B8, and B16 compared to Erzyas, as well as higher frequencies of A3, A28, B27, and B40 and lower frequencies of A10, B5, B8, B16, and B18 compared to Moksha. In addition, Erzyas, Mokshas, and Maris differed from one another in the gametic associations revealed. In general, our data indicated that the three populations, which display characteristic features of both Caucasoid and Mongoloid races, differ from one another with respect to the HLA genetic polymorphism. In all of the three populations, a positive association of the B27 antigen with spondylarthropathies (SAPs) was revealed. This confirms the hypothesis that B27 is involved in the pathogenesis of some rheumatoid diseases.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1996

The effects of race, living standards, and exercise on the degree of motor development: comparison between schoolchildren in the Republic of Honduras and Japan.

To investigate the development of motor ability according to age and physique, a comparison was made among races and/or living standards of schoolchildren in Republic of Honduras, and between Honduran and Japanese schoolchildren. Based on the results of these comparisons, the extent to which exercise contributes to the development of motor ability was examined. Subjects were schoolchildren of typical three races in Honduras: Negroid, Mongoloid (native Indio), and mixed race (Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid), who attended public elementary schools. For a further comparison, schoolchildren of mixed race attending private schools, whose living standards are thought to be different from children attending public schools, were also selected. Comparing physique among races from the measurement values in the test battery, Negroid group ranked highest followed by the mixed race group and Mongoloid group. The results for the comparison of motor ability were also in the same order. From the viewpoint of living standards, the physique and motor ability of the private school children, who were from wealthy families, was better than that of the public school children. However, when the degrees of motor development were compared using revised values based on age and physique, the differences among groups became smaller, and there was no significant difference between groups in the 50-meter dash or in the standing long jump. However, a comparison with Japanese schoolchildren showed that, even if there was no difference in physique, Japanese schoolchildren were still superior in motor ability. These results suggest that differences in the degree of motor development are mainly due to differences in exercise experience.

Aging↗