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PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of the adaptation of the dwarf tapeworm to new hosts].

Studies of the inbred lines of mice A/He, AKR and CBA infected with different strains of H. nana have shown that the helminth, when changing the host for another one of the same species but with different hereditary characters, happens to be insufficiently adapted to the new host. However it does not prevent the start of the infectious process. With increasing number of passages the parasite's adaptation level to the organism of the new host rises gradually. Possibilities and the adaptation level of the agent to the new host are defined as well by the adaptational mechanisms common to each specific strain of H. nana and the host's characters.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1978

[Morphological and functional interrelationships of the thymus and adrenals in inbred mice].

The authors carried out morphological examination of the thymus, adrenal glands and the spleen in CBA, C57BL/6, AKR mice and studied the immunological reactivity of mice to sex antigen of the skin transplant with the determination of the blood plasma corticosterone level. In comparison with C57BL/6 and AKR mice, CBA mice displayed a narrow cortical layer in the thymus, wide thymus-dependent zones in the spleen, a high corticosterone level, and the absence of any reaction to the sex antigen of the skin transplant. Adrenalectomy in CBA mice led to a sharp dilatation of the thymus cortex, the appearance of numerous lymph follicles in the spleen and development of an immunological reaction to sex antigen of the skin transplant. Atrophy of the cortical layer of the adrenal glands witha sharp reduction of subanophilic lipids was noted in CBA B-mice.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1976

Genetics of resistance to infection with Salmonella typhimurium in mice.

Eight strains of inbred mice fell into two sharply defined groups. Four strains (CBA, A/JAX, C3H/He, and DBA/2) were resistant (LD50, greater than 10(5)) to Salmonella typhimurium C5 given subcutaneously. The other four strains (Balb/c, C57BL, B10.D2 [new line], and DBA/1) were susceptible (LD50, less than 10). No intermediate resistance was seen. Examination of the F1, F2, and parental backcross generations bred from matings of CBA and Balb/c mice showed that resistance behaved as a simple Mendelian dominant. Resistance was not linked to H-2 genes, and no useful marker has yet been found. However, as previously demonstrated in the parent strains, resistance in the hybrids was related to the ability to produce a good delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an extract of S. typhimurium.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Immunological aspects of Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris infections in inbred and outbred strains of laboratory mice: a comparative study.

The intestinal flagellates, Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris, cause similar infections in CBA mice as determined by trophozoite and cyst counts. Both parasites occur all along the small intestine with G. muris, being mainly present in the anterior part and S. muris towards the posterior. The early stages of infection are similar in all strains of mice examined and peak levels of both trophozoites and cysts occur 1-2 weeks after infection. All strains of mice overcome the infection but the rate of recovery varies considerably between strains, being most rapid in BALB/c and slowest in A and C57BL.B10. Outbred mice are more variable in their recovery than inbred mice. After recovery, mice are partially resistant to reinfection with the homologous but not the heterologous parasite. Resistance to reinfection with S. muris is greatest in those strains that eliminate the primary infection most rapidly. Giardia muris and S. muris cause similar changes in the mucosa of the small intestine of BALB/c mice with increased intra-epithelial lymphocyte counts from 3 weeks onwards corresponding with the start of the elimination of the parasites from the gut. A reduction in villus height and increase in crypt depth is also characteristic of these infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

F antigen. III. Immunological and biological properties.

Relationship of the isoforms of F antigens from A2G and CBA inbred mouse strains have been worked out in detail in respect to their immunogenicity. Mice from several inbred strains have been shown to possess the ability of forming anti-F upon stimulation with xenogeneic F antigens from certain species. An immunoelectrophoretic method for sensitive quantitation of the antigen is described. During human ontogenesis the antigen appears very early. It could never be detected in serum except in cases of acute liver disease. A small fragment set free under denaturing conditions showed the ability of inhibiting precipitation of the complete antigen by antibody. The F protein seems to be a vehicle for this small fragment possessing haptenic properties and probably being responsible for the universal cross-reactivity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cuttine edge: diabetes-associated quantitative trait locus, Idd4, is responsible for the IL-12p40 overexpression defect in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.

APCs of the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse have a genetically programmed capacity to overexpress IL-12p40, a cytokine critical for development of pathogenic autoreactive Th1 cells. To determine whether a diabetes-associated NOD chromosomal locus (i.e., Idd) was responsible for this defect, LPS-stimulated macrophages from several recombinant congenic inbred mice with Idd loci on a C57BL/6 background or with different combinations of NOD and CBA genomic segments were screened for IL-12p40 production. Only macrophages from the congenic strains containing the Idd4 locus showed IL-12p40 overproduction/expression. Moreover, analysis of IL-12p40 sequence polymorphisms demonstrated that the Idd4 intervals in these strains contained the IL-12p40 allele of the NOD, although further analysis is required to determine whether the IL-12p40 allele itself is responsible for its overexpression. Thus, the non-MHC-associated Idd4 locus appears responsible for IL-12p40 overexpression, which may be a predisposing factor for type 1 diabetes in NOD mice.

Alleles↗
PubMed1985

[Comparative study of the phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes by the macrophages of inbred mice differing in their sensitivity to immunogenic stimulation by the given antigen].

The phagocytosis of 14C-labeled sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by the macrophages of isogeneic CBA, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was studied. In the presence of bovine serum the macrophages of CBA mice were found to ingest SRBC significantly less actively than the macrophages of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In the presence of isologous serum the macrophages of mice belonging to the strains under study showed quite comparable characteristics with respect to their capacity of ingesting SRBC. The duration of the intracellular digestion of SRBC by the macrophages of mice of these strains did not vary in different strains irrespective of the type of serum.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells in the mouse. I. Distribution in different lymphoid organs from different inbred strains of mice at different ages.

Frequencies of mitogen-reactive B cells have been determined in vitro under culture conditions which allow every growth-inducible B cell to grow and mature into a clone of Ig-secreting PFC. The frequencies of LPS-reactive B cells in the spleen of 6- to 8-wk old mice were between 1 in 3 and 1 in 10 splenic B cells from the following inbred strains of mice: C3H/Tif; BALB/c; BALB/c nu/nu; C57BL/6J; DBA/2J; C57BL/6J x DBA/(2J)F(1); and CBA and A/J. Very similar frequencies are found for lipoprotein-reactive B cells in BALB/c, BALB/c nu/nu, C3H/Tif, and C3H/HeJ mice. No LPS-reactive cells but normal frequencies of lipoprotein-reactive cells were found in C3H/HeJ mice, genetically nonreactive to LPS. SJL mice had significantly lower frequencies of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells (1 in approximately 30 B cells). The number of LPS- and of lipoprotein-reactive B cells in spleen was dependent upon the age of the mouse. Newborn spleen contained approximately 10 percent of the number of reactive cells found at 6- to 8-wk of age. From there the frequencies declined again to drop below 5 percent of the maximal number at ages beyond 11 mo. LPS-reactive B cells yielding IgM- and IgG-PFC responses could be found in mesenteric lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, thoracic duct, and peripheral blood of 6- to 8-wk old mice. Their frequencies were one in three to five lymph node cells, 1 in 50 to 100 bone marrow cells, one in 10(5) thymus cells, and 1 in 20 to 40 thoracic duct or peripheral blood cells.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of different factors on the sex ratio in laboratory mouse embryogenesis].

Influence of two factors on distribution of embryos according to the sex is considered: genetic peculiarities of inbred mice and hybrid mice, as well as spontaneous embryonal death of the embryos of different sex. The work has been performed on C3H, CBA, C57BL strains of mice and on hybrid mice of CBA/C57BL and ICR/In(X)1H strains. The sex ratio in the mice studied is balanced. In the CBA/C57BL hybrid mice a certain shift in the sex ratio is noted towards female embryos. In the offspring of the ICR/In(X)1H hybrid mice the sex distribution of the embryos does not differ from the ratio 1:1. The results of the investigation confirm the opinion of the literature that genetic peculiarities of the inbred mice do not essentially influence the sex ratio in their offspring, while fluctuation in the sex ratio in the hybrid mice are evidently connected, in a greater degree, with their genetic peculiarities. As demonstrates the analysis of the sex relation and the embryonal death, there is no selective death in the embryos of any sex during embryogenesis in the mice investigated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[T-lymphocyte reactivity in inbred mice during pregnancy].

Blast-transformation of lymphocytes of pregnant and control mice of three lines was studied after their in vitro stimulation with phytohemaglutinin. There was no significant difference between lymphocyte transformation in pregnant and control mice, and the blood sera of pregnant animals do not inhibit blast-transformation. The responsiveness of CBA strain lymphocytes was higher than that of BALB/C and C57BL strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Experimental infection of mice with the microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis.

Microfilariae of Onchocerca lienalis were obtained from the umbilical skin of naturally infected cattle and were injected into mice. Maximum numbers of microfilariae were recovered from the skin and ears of mice when using the subcutaneous route of inoculation. Microfilariae were distributed throughout the pinna of the ear but were concentrated towards the tip where histological sections showed them to be in the dermis and adipose tissue. Using the number of parasites recovered from the ears as an index of the intensity of infection it was found that inbred CBA/H T6T6 mice were one of the most susceptible of 11 strains of mice examined. No difference in susceptibility was found between male and female CBA mice of the same age, but marked differences were demonstrated between male CBA mice of different ages. After infection with 5 000 microfilariae the recovery of parasites from the ears increased rapidly to a peak at day 35 when 10% of the inoculum was recovered, and thereafter declined up to day 242. Over a range of inoculation doses examined it was found that there was a direct, linear relationship between the number of microfilariae recovered from the ears and the number in the inoculated dose. CBA mice showed marked resistance to reinfection with microfilariae. Six days after challenge with a secondary infection recoveries of microfilariae from the ears were only 26% of the level in challenge controls and fell to 3% of the level of controls by day 35. It is concluded that the model of O. lienalis microfilariae in CBA mice shows considerable promise as a tool for research into immunological responses to skin-dwelling microfilariae, which are the principal cause of pathology in onchocerciasis.

Aging↗
PubMed1990

The expression of IV6 beta[Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc]-Gb5Cer in mouse kidney is controlled by the Gsl-5 gene through regulation of UDP-GlcNAc:Gb5Cer beta 1-6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

We reported the polymorphic expression of GL-Y (IV6 beta[Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNAc]-Gb5Cer in kidneys of inbred strains of mice in previous papers [J. Biochem. 101, 553-562 and 563-568 (1987)]. DBA/2 mice express a large amount of GL-X (Gb5Cer), but not GL-Y, in their kidneys, because of a defect on a single autosomal gene (Gsl-5). This suggested that DBA/2 mice lack the ability to transfer GlcNAc onto the C-6 position of GalNAc of Gb5Cer or GL-X. In this study, we characterized UDP-GlcNAc:GL-X beta 1-6N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (beta 1-6GlcNAc transferase) in the microsomal fraction of mouse kidney. Maximum activity was detected with an incubation mixture containing sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 6.4), 0.1% Zwittergent 3-16 and 1 mM EDTA. Divalent cations were not required. The apparent Km values for UDP-GlcNAc and GL-X were 0.42 and 0.12 mM, respectively. The product of the enzymatic reaction was identified as IV6 beta GlcNAc-Gb5Cer by means of 1H-NMR spectroscopy and permethylation analyses. Then, we measured the beta 1-6GlcNAc transferase activity in the microsomal fractions of kidneys of inbred strains of mice and progeny obtained on mating. WHT/Ht, C57BL/10, BALB/c, and C3H/He mice, which express GL-Y in their kidneys, exhibited detectable amounts of activity, whereas CBA and DBA/2 mice, which do not express GL-Y, did not exhibit detectable activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Physical characteristics of mouse sperm nuclei.

The nuclei of epididymal sperm, isolated from C57BL/6J and CBA/J inbred mice by their resistance to trypsin digestion, retain the shape differences of the intact sperm head. Various physical characteristics of these nuclei were measured and compared. The measurement of the projected dimensions of nuclei showed that the CBA nuclei are 13.5% longer than C57BL/6 nuclei (8.64 +/- 0.02 mum compared with 7.61 +/- 0.02 mum), 0.8% narrower (3.51 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.54 +/-0.01 mum) with 6.8% more area (22.34 +/- 0.10 vs. 20.91 +/- 0.09 mum2). However, the volumes of the nuclei as based on reconstructing calibrated electronmicrographs of serial sections of the nuclei indicated that CBA are about 7% smaller than C57BL/6 nuclei (3.72 +/- 0.08 vs. 4.01 +/- 0.03 mum3). The buoyant density of the CBA nuclei is 1.435 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 compared with 1.433 +/- 0.002 g/cm3 for the C57BL/6 nuclei as determined on linear CsCl and Renografin-76 density gradients and confirmed by a technique utilizing physiological tonicities. Therefore, the average mass of the CBA nuclei is less than that of the C57BL/6 nuclei (5.34 +/- 0.12 vs. 5.75 +/- 0.05 pg). The sedimentation velocities at unit gravity of nuclei from 11 inbred strains differ over a range of more than 6% with CBA nuclei sedimenting about 2.0% more slowly than C57BL/6 nuclei. We show that for these nuclei the sedimentation velocity can be related to their buoyant density, volume and a sedimentation shape factor. Within the errors of our measurements of these various characteristics, it was found that C57BL/6 and CBA nuclei have similar sedimentation shape factors. Therefore, the difference in sedimentation velocity between these nuclei appears to be primarily a result of differences in volume. The possible applications of these techniques to the physical separation of sperm are evaluated in the discussion.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Genetic differences in BCG-induced resistance to Schistosoma mansoni are not controlled by genes within the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse.

Induction of nonspecific resistance to Schistosoma mansoni infection after the i.v. injection of viable BCG was investigated in outbred mice and a panel of inbred and H-2 congenic strains. Significant protection was induced in CF1, A/J, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, DBA/2, C57BR, and SJL mice. BALB/c mice were not protected whereas CBA and C3H mice expressed intermediate degrees of protection. Expression of the protective phenomenon is not controlled by genes within the MHC as shown by the marked differences in response between BALB/c and DBA/2 (H-2d) as well as between C57BR and C3H (H-2k) mice. H-2 congenic strains with C57BL/10 background (B10.A and B10.D2) were high responders. BALB.B10 mice carrying the high responder (B10) MHC on the nonresponder (BALB/c) background were not protected. The degree of splenic hypertrophy did not correlate with the expression of nonspecific resistance. These results demonstrate that, in addition to controlling specific immune responses, genetic differences influence the nonspecific protective phenomena related to BCG administration as well.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of a daylight cycle reversal on locomotor activity in several inbred strains of mice.

There is some evidence of melatonin implication in the nycthemeral regulation of running activity rhythm in rodents. Because some inbred strains of mice such as C57BL/6 and BALB/c have been generally found to present no nocturnal melatonin peak, in contrast to others such as C3H/He and CBA mice, the aim of this study was to examine the adaptation of daily locomotor activity to a light/dark cycle phase shift in these four strains. An apparatus consisting of two boxes connected by a tunnel was used to record spontaneous locomotor activity, defined as the number of transitions between the two boxes. Locomotor activity was monitored continuously during 3 days before and 14 days after a 12-h phase delay of the light/dark cycle. Results essentially showed that the adaptation of the locomotor activity rhythm to the phase shift was faster in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice than in C3H/He and CBA mice. This could be related, at least in part, to the differences in melatonin synthesis between the former strains and the latter ones. Although melatonin nocturnal peak is not necessary to a daylight regulation of circadian functions in rodents, it could be considered as an endocrine message that takes part in the anticipation of the following light/dark cycle.

Animals↗