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PubMed1979

Mutagenicity of organic extracts from Canadian drinking water in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome assay.

Organic extracts of chlorinated Ontario drinking water samples have been found to induce mutation and lethality in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome histadine reversion assay. Collections of water were made at water treatment plants in five municipalities in June 1978. To determine the reproducibility of the positive mutagenic effects found, a second sampling at the same plants was performed in September 1978. Preparation of extracts involved passing 200 liter samples through XAD-2 resin columns which were eluted with a mixture of hexane and acetone, and the eluent was evaporated to dryness. For those extracts with sufficient organic matter, dose-related increases in mutagenicity were observed. Extracts of untreated water from a river and a well were weakly mutagenic.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed1996

Accumulation of extractable organic halogens (EOX) by the freshwater mussel, Anodonta cygnea L., exposed to chlorine bleached pulp and paper mill effluents.

Freshwater mussels, Anodonta cygnea L., were collected in a lowly polluted area in north-eastern France, and exposed during 28 days at three sites up and downstream of a chlorine bleached pulp and paper mill effluent Water, sediment and mussel samples were collected at regular intervals and analyzed for halogenated organic residues using the sum parameters AOX (Adsorbable Organic Halogen) and EOX (Extractable Organic Halogen). The survey of the water showed a chronic contamination by organic halogens of the water and the sediment downstream of the pulp and paper mill sewer. Mussels exposed upstream of the mill showed no significant variation of their EOX tissue concentration. In contrast, progressive accumulation of EOX occurred with the exposure time in mussels exposed downstream of the mill. No steady state of the EOX concentration was observed after four weeks of exposure.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Organic extraction of Pi with isobutanol/toluene.

Direct determination of [32P]Pi by organic extraction is an efficient and versatile method for assaying phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide phosphatases and ATPases. Analysis of free [32P]Pi by the procedure of J. B. Martin and D. M. Doty [(1949) Anal. Chem. 21, 965-967] has been modified to employ isobutanol/toluene in place of isobutanol/benzene. Extraction with either toluene or xylene equaled that with benzene. A complete characterization of the extraction procedure, which has been scaled down to a volume suitable for most enzyme assays, shows that it is accurate, rapid, and sensitive to as little as 1 pmol [32P]Pi. The phosphomolybdate complex is extracted reproducibly and quantitatively in the absence and presence of protein (1-8 mg/ml). In addition, sample volumes of 4 to 100 microliter were extracted with equal efficiency. Benzene offers no advantages over toluene and presents a considerably greater health risk. The experiments demonstrate conclusively that toluene can and should be employed in place of benzene in the organic extraction of Pi.

Benzene↗

PubMed2000

[Antimicrobial activity of organic extracts isolated from Aplysina fistularis (Demospongiae: Aplysinidae)].

Organic extracts of the sponge Aplysina fistularis (Pallas 1766) were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and toxic activity of extract were determined. Susceptibility trials of organic fractions obtained by VLC: Hexane, EtOAc and CHCl3 showed that EtOAc fraction has antibacterial activity against E. coli, while CHCl3 fraction inhibited E. coli and S. aureus growth. The later refractioning of EtOAc fraction and the biodirected assays showed that fractions F12 and F13 of EtOAc/Hex and EtOAc F14 were bioactive against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Only EtOAc/MeOH Sf2 from subfractionig of EtOAc F14 produced inhibition for E. coli and S. aureus. In Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH, MIC was moderate for S. aureus (MIC > 256 g/ml). F4 CHCl3/MeOH produced a high inhibition in S. aureus (MIC = 0.125 g/ml) and for E. coli (MIC > 16 g/ml). F10 CHCl3/MeOH showed a moderate activity against S. aureus (MIC > 128 g/ml) and low activity against E. coli (MIC = 512 g/ml). F10 CHCL3/MeOH did no present toxic activity against Artemia salina. The fractiorts F4 CHCL3/MeOH and Sf2 EtOAc/MeOH were toxic for this organism when the concentration was higher than 100 microg/ml. LC50 in both cases was 548.4 and 243.4 microg/ml respectively. Secondary metabolites of medium polarity obtained from A. fistularis have a wide spectrum of anti bacterial activity. Toxicity analysis suggests that only F10 CHCL3/MeOH has potential as an antimicrobial agent for clinical use.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Organic extracts with antimicrobian activity from Penicillium sp. (Moniliales) isolated from the sponge Ircinia felix (Porifera: Demospongiae)].

This research expresses the potential of the bacterial activity present in the organic extracts obtained from Penicillium sp., isolated from the esponge Irciniafelix. This activity was evaluated through agar diffusion test and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The susceptibility trials of organic fractions were carried out against Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. The use of the chromatographic techniques (CLV and TLC), permitted to obtain bioactive organic extracts of different polarities, of which only the EtOAc and MeOH fractions inhibited the growth of the bacteria used. Of the EtOAc fractionation, only fraction number 3 EtOAc/Hex presented greatest activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. Number 1 EtOAc/Hex fraction increased its activity against S. aureus (24 mm) and S. epidermidis (25 mm), which can be explained by the loss of possible antagonistic effect during the fractionation process. The CMI trials were carried out for the EtOAc number I subfraction against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. cereus and B. subtilis, wich was clinical interest, and shows the potential of this organic extract as antimicrobial agent.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Improved nucleic acid organic extraction through use of a unique gel barrier material.

A novel density barrier material, Phase Lock Gel, has been formulated and optimized for use in enhancing the separation between aqueous and organic phases during organic extraction/ centrifugation of nucleic acids. Phase Lock Gel is inert, stable to heating, compatible with most enzymatic reactions of nucleic acids without sacrificing subsequent downstream applications, and can be easily and conveniently used with most plasmid DNA, genomic DNA, phage DNA and RNA organic extraction protocols. Use of Phase Lock Gel as an aqueous/organic phase barrier material can decrease processing time and improve nucleic acid recovery from organic extraction purifications by as much as 30%, all while minimizing user exposure to volatile organics.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1994

Identification of marine organism extracts active at the EGF binding site of human A431 cells.

Using a high throughput radioligand binding assay, we assessed aqueous ethanol extracts from 2885 marine organisms representing 17 phyla from the Indo-Pacific for their capacity to influence [125I]epidermal growth factor binding to human A431 cells in culture. Initial screening employed extracts pooled from five unrelated organisms to cells incubated at 37 degrees C for 20 min. Positive leads from the low stringency screening were pursued using extracts from individual organisms. Extracts from 57 organisms significantly inhibited radioligand binding, five organisms caused the cells to detach from the substrate, while extracts from two organisms brought about an increase in bound radiolabel. To discriminate between the mechanisms of action of the extracts, active organisms were also tested for their capacity to affect radioligand binding in the cells when incubated at 4 degrees C. Those organisms acting only at 37 degrees C were considered to have a cellular site of action, while those also active at the low temperature were considered to exert their effects more directly on the receptor binding event. The acute biochemical activity elicited by the positive organisms was distributed widely between taxa and between geographic regions. The approach provides a sensitive, high volume assay for detecting bioactive substances within marine organisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Application of thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection to the characterization of organic extracts from diesel exhaust particulates.

Thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection has been applied to the analysis of organic extracts of diesel exhaust particulates. Non-volatile organics whose boiling points are higher than ca. 300 degrees C can be analyzed, with a detection limit of ca. 0.03 micrograms and a relative standard deviation of ca. 10%. The organic extracts are separated into aliphatics , aromatics and polars by the development procedure with n-hexane, and the polars can be separated further by using toluene as the solvent. Some examples of application are presented.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

Correlations between mutagenic activity of organic extracts of airborne particulate matter, NOx and sulphur dioxide in southern Germany: results of a two-year study.

GOALS, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Among other substances, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are parameters which are routinely measured to describe basic air quality. Organic extracts of airborne particulate matter contain mutagenic chemical compounds of different origins. The aim of the study was to find correlations between routine monitoring data and mutagenic activity of organic extracts of simultaneously drawn samples. METHODS: Specimens were collected over a period of two years at 8 sampling sites in south-west Germany. Simultaneously, concentrations of NO, NO2, and SO2 were measured on-line within the framework of the official air monitoring network of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Dust samples were collected for biotesting using high volume air samplers equipped with glass fibre filters. After sampling was completed, filters were extracted and samples were prepared for biological testing. Mutagenic activity was tested by means of the plate incorporation assay (Ames test) using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 tester strains. During the first year of the study, all tests have been performed with and without metabolic activation. Additionally, a series of tests has been performed in parallel with TA98 and TA98NR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Comparison of Ames test data obtained with and without metabolic activation indicates no statistically significant difference between both methods. Therefore, during the second year of the study, all tests have been performed without metabolic activation. Average yearly activities at the sampling sites were between 1 and 27 Revertants per m3 (Rev/m3). High activities were preferably found at congested sites (Karlsruhe, up to 95 Rev/m3). However, peak values of over 100 Rev/m3 were found in other places where pollution by traffic is significantly lower. The reason for these high level values is not evident. Tests performed using TA98NR tester strain indicate a significant share (average 31%) of compounds requiring activation by nitroreductase for mutagenic activity. Average mutagenic activity can be correlated to routine monitoring parameters. Comparison of averaged data for particular sampling sites indicates significant correlation between nitric oxide and mutagenic activity in TA98 (r2=0.90), while correlation between nitrogen dioxide (0.84) or sulphur dioxide (0.52) and mutagenic activity is weaker. For TA100, correlations are generally weaker than for TA98. Comparison of data for mutagenic activity and routine monitoring data of distant sites being sampled simultaneously shows parallel behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study show that mutagenic activity can be compared to seasonal and local variations of gaseous indicator air pollutants. Tester strain TA98 generally shows the best correlations. Although pollution by particle-bound mutagenic substances is significantly higher during the cold season than during summer on average, mutagenic activity of airborne dust is not a continuous effect. During winter, peak levels as well as low pollution periods can occur. Even during winter time mutagenic activity can reach very low levels typical for summertime. Comparison of results for distant sampling sites where samples have been collected simultaneously indicate that 'classical' indicators of air pollution and bacterial mutagenicity of organic extracts from airborne particulate matter are influenced by connected effects. Seasonal trend of mutagenic activity, in particular, is similar to the concentrations of nitrogen oxide. NO is a strong indicator for vehicle exhaust gases. It is concluded that the average mutagenic activity at particular sites can be estimated using NO concentrations as an indicator.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed1976

[Precipitin Reactions Between Host Organ Extracts And Antisera For Paragonimus And Clonorchis]

Precipitin reaction between host organ extracts and antisera for Paragonimus and Clonorchis were studied to know whether the antigens from two species of trematodes have common characters with those of host organs. The brain, lung, heart, liver and muscle of rat and rabbit were extracted in 0.1% saline solution by freezing-thawing technique. For immunization of rabbit, the extracts of Paragonimus and Clonorchis was emulsified with equal amount of Freund's adjuvant and 1.0 ml of the mixture was injected subcutaneously once every 10 days for 5 times, and 3 days after the last immunization, antisera were prepared. Precipitin bands by agar-gel double diffusion methods were examined between organ extracts of rabbit or rat and Paragonimus or Clonorchis antisera. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of liver, heart and muscle of rat and anti-Clonorchis rabbit sera but not appeared against brain and lung. 2. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of lung, muscle and liver of rat and anti-Paragonimus rabbit sera but not appeared against brain and heart. 3. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of liver and muscle of rabbit and anti-Clonorchis rabbit sera but not appeared against brain, heart and lung. 4. Precipitin bands were appeared between extracts of lung and muscle of rabbit and anti-Paragonimus rabbit sera but not appeared against liver. 5. The extracts of Paragonimus westermani showed precipitin bands against liver and brain of rat and liver of rabbit in agar-gel double diffusion.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Assessment of the polyphenolic composition of the organic extracts of Mauritian black teas: a potential contributor to their antioxidant functions.

There is increasing interest in the emerging view that tea improves the antioxidant status in vivo and thereby helps to lower risk of certain types of cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke and its component biofactors could provide prophylactic potential for these diseases. The polyphenolic composition and the antioxidant properties of organic extracts (acetone/methanol) of Mauritian commercial black teas were evaluated. HPLC data of the individual compounds revealed remarkably high levels (+)-Catechin ((+)-C), (-)-epicatechin ((-)-EC), (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate ((-)-ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin ((-)-EGC), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate ((-)-EGCG) and gallic acid. Analysis of hydrolysed extracts indicated that quercetin was the dominant flavonol aglycone with traces of myricetin and kaempferol. Based on the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) assays Extra tea from Bois Chéri exhibited the highest antioxidant potential. Linear regression analyses showed that the antioxidant capacities of the organic extracts are strongly influenced by total phenols (TEAC: r=0.95 and FRAP: r=0.96) and to a lesser extent by total proanthocyanidin and total flavonoid contents. Catechins and gallic acid seem to add up to the overall antioxidant capacity of black tea extracts. The fresh tea leaves had high levels of total phenols, total flavonoids, total proanthocyanidin and exhibited greater antioxidant potential when compared with black teas. Organic extracts of endemic teas represent useful source of phenolic antioxidants supplements for prophylactic use.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2003

[Study on the estrogenic effect of the organic extracts from tap water and source water].

In order to study the estrogenic effects of the organic extracts from tap water and source water, two in vitro assay and one in vivo short-term assay were performed to detect the estrogen-like activity of the component of water. The results showed that at the concentration of 50 ml relevant to real water, the recombinant yeast assay and MCF-7 cell proliferation assay could both detected the estrogen-like activity and with increase of concentration, the component exhibited an increasing estrogenic effects. The dose inducing the maximum effect in cell proliferation assay was 250 ml and in recombinant yeast assay was 1250 ml. Exceed this dose with increasing concentration, the estrogenic effects of component decreased both in two assay. In uterrtropic assay, doses of 10 L/kg and 50 L/kg increased the weight of uterus of 18 day ICR female mice significantly. All above findings indicated that organic extracts from source water exhibited the estrogenic effects. The series of 3 bioassay process displayed sensitivity and practicability.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Identification of 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene isomers as major mutagens in organic extracts of soil from Osaka, Japan.

The organic extracts of soil collected at parks in residential areas in Osaka and neighboring cities in the Kansai area, Japan, showed mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence or absence of a mammalian metabolic activation system (S9 mix). The soil extracts from Ibaraki and two different sites in Osaka, i.e., Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku, were mutagenic in strain TA100 as well as in strain TA98. Direct-acting mutagenicity of soil extracts from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku toward strain TA98 were 66 or more times higher than that of the other cities. Both extracts exerted stronger mutagenicity in strains YG1021 and YG1024 than TA98 and TA100, and the potency was especially high in strain YG1024: Sumiyoshi-ku, 153 000 revertants/g of soil; and Minato-ku, 246 000 revertants/g of soil. Two mutagenic compounds (I and II) were isolated from the Soxhlet extract of soil from the park in Sumiyoshi-ku by repetitive separation using normal-phase and reversed-phase column chromatography. By comparing the mass and UV spectra and retention times for HPLC on two individual ODS columns of compounds I and II with those of authentic chemicals, we identified these two compounds as 1,6- and 1,8-dinitropyrene (DNPy) isomers. Amounts of DNPy isomers in soil from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku were 1.7-2.2 ng/g. Forty-three percent and 40% of the mutagenicity of soil from Sumiyoshi-ku and Minato-ku could be attributed to these DNPy isomers, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Experimental study on carcinogenic activity of the organic extracts from water of the sifangtai section of songhua river].

OBJECTIVES: To study the carcinogenic activity and potential mechanism of the organic extracts from the Songhua River in vitro. METHODS: The in vitro cell transformation and single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) tests were detected with the ether extracts of water. The expression of anticancer genes p53, p16, and p21 measured by immunohistochemical assays and the apoptosis by TUNEL assay were also studied. RESULTS: The extracts from the water induced malignant transformation of BALB/C mouse embryo fibroblast cells and induce DNA damage. p53, p16 and p21 failed to express in transformed cells induced by the water extracts, and the apoptosis rate of transformed cells decreased. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the organic extracts from the Songhua River has potential carcinogenicity.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[FT-IR characterization of extracted organic phase containing D2EHPA-lanthanide complexes and effects of adding DMHPA].

FT-IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the extracted organic phase of di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid-n-heptane containing lanthanide ions Ln3+ (Ln: Y, Pr, Nd, Eu ). It was found that the coordination interaction of heavy lanthanide ions with D2EHPA is stronger than that of light lanthanide ions, and saponification percentage of D2EHPA affects both the absorption frequency and the intensity of P=O bond in the extracted organic phase. Furthermore, the addition of di (1-methylheptyl) phosphoric acid to the D2EHPA extraction system leads to the variation of both peak position and intensity of P=O bond.

English Abstract↗

PubMed2006

Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extractable organic matter during composting and their influence on compost stability and maturity.

Composting is the biochemical transformation of waste organic matter by microorganisms whose metabolism occurs in the water-soluble phase. Therefore, a study of the changes occurring in compost dissolved organic matter can be useful for assessing its stability and maturity. In light of the variety of parameters generally utilized to study composting processes, this work aims at identifying the major chemical processes that occur in solution and their influence on the attainment of stability and maturity with composting time. Compost stability, assessed by means of respirometric analysis which determined oxygen demand as a result of mineralization of the compost's organic matter, and compost maturity evaluated with Lepidium sativum L. seed bioassays, were found to be highly related to the nature and content of water-soluble organic matter. Moreover, fractionation of the water-extractable organic carbon showed that the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic carbon increased to values greater than unity for stabilized compost. These results together with the analysis for non-cellulosic polysaccharides, phenolic compounds and organic nitrogen within the water extracts, confirmed the influence of solubilization, mineralization and organic matter transformation on the quality of the final compost.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1998

[The influences of TBP on the partially saponified DMHPA-heptane systems and the extracted organic phases containing rare earth].

The aggregation states of partially saponified [di-(1-methylheptyl) phosphoric acid] (DMHPA)-tributyl phosphate (TBP) heptane (C7H16) and the extracted organic phases containing rare earth were studied. The result demonstrates that TBP can widen the range of the microemulsion formation in DMHPA-C7H16-NaOH-H2O systems. It also influence the states of the extracted organic phases of DMHPA-RE (III) and the behavior of water clearly. The gel could be formed in DMHPA-TBP-RE (III) systems under proper conditions. FT-IR spectra analysis shows that both DMHPA and TBP may coordinate with RE3+ and the hydrogen bonds of TBP with DMHPA and H2O contribute to the three dimensional network structure of the gels.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1998

Genotoxicity of the dust organic extract and its fractions derived from an aluminium electrolytic plant.

The dust derived from an aluminium electrolytic plant was collected on a filter, then extracted by mixed solvent of benzene, hexane and isopropanol (7/2/1, v/v). The solvent-soluble components was separated into five fractions, namely organic acids, organic alkalis, aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds. The genotoxicities of the dust organic extract and its five fractions were examined with Ames test, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), micronucleus (MN) and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) tests in human lymphocytes in vitro which involve the different test systems (bacteria and mammalian cells) and three genetic endpoints (gene mutation, chromosome aberration and DNA damage). The results of four experiments indicated that the dust organic extract showed higher genotoxicity. Among the five fractions, three fractions, namely organic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polar compounds had higher genotoxicity than others. The other fractions, organic alkalis and aliphatic hydrocarbons had no genotoxicity. According to this study, it is necessary to take effective measures to abate the dust and protect the environment and human health.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗