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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Glutamate-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier in rats. Role of nitric oxide.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The first goal of this study was to determine the effect of glutamate on permeability and reactivity of the cerebral microcirculation. The second goal of this study was to determine a possible role for nitric oxide in the effects of glutamate on the cerebral microcirculation. METHODS: We examined the pial microcirculation in rats with intravital microscopy. Permeability of the blood-brain barrier was quantified by the clearance of fluorescent-labeled dextran (molecular weight, 10 000 D; FITC-dextran-10K) before and during application of glutamate (0.1 and 1.0 mmol/L). In addition, we examined the permeability of the blood-brain barrier during application of a nitric oxide donor, S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP; 10 mumol/L). Diameter of pial arterioles was measured before and during application of glutamate or SNAP. To determine a potential role for nitric oxide in glutamate-induced effects on the cerebral microcirculation, we examined the effects of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (10 mumol/L). RESULTS: In control rats, clearance of FITC-dextran-10K from pial vessels was minimal, and the diameter of pial arterioles remained constant during the experimental period. Topical application of glutamate (0.1 and 1.0 mmol/L) and SNAP (10 mumol/L) produced an increase in clearance of FITC-dextran-10K and in diameter of pial arterioles. In addition, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (10 mumol) attenuated glutamate-induced increases in permeability of the blood brain barrier and glutamate-induced dilatation of cerebral arterioles. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study suggest that glutamate, a major neurotransmitter in the brain, increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier to low-molecular-weight molecules and dilates cerebral arterioles via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Dental pulp response to bacterial cell wall material.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Bacteroides oralis and Veillonella parvula and cell wall material from Lactobacillus casei were studied for their capacity to induce leukocyte migration in the dental pulp and in an implanted wound chamber. Three adult monkeys were challenged using lyophilized material sealed into buccal Class V cavities prepared in dentin. Pulp tissue responses were observed histologically eight and 72 hours after initiation of the experiment. Subjacent to cut dentinal tubules, bacterial materials induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN's) infiltration in the pulp tissue of the majority of test teeth examined. Responses were similar for the three bacterial test materials at both time periods. Topical applications of bovine serum albumin (BSA), used as a control, induced significantly less accumulation of PMN's. Assessments of induced exudate volumes and leukocyte densities in chambers implanted in rats showed comparable rankings with pulpal experiment between test (i.e., bacterial) and control (BSA) materials. Analysis of the data indicates that high-molecular-weight complexes of bacterial cell walls may adversely affect pulpal tissue across freshly exposed dentin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Death anxiety and death competency: the impact of a palliative care volunteer training program.

Before and immediately after the 2 most recent offerings of a local palliative care volunteer training program, 17 participants completed the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and Bugen's Coping with Death Scale. The training program consisted of approximately 27 hours of training presented in 3-hour blocks during a 9-week period. Topics included the philosophy and goals of palliative care, spiritual issues from a multi-cultural and multifaith perspective, communication, the dying process, grief and bereavement, and the role of the volunteer. The results showed no differences in participants' pretraining and posttraining scores on the 4 subscales of the Fear of Death Scale. However, participants felt significantly more able to cope with death and dying after the training program than before. With proper training, volunteers will feel more prepared to handle situations involving terminal illness and death. In short, they will be more effective in their work with dying patients and their families.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new angiotensin-II- receptor blocker, CGP 48933: local tolerance and effect on intraocular pressure. A pilot study.

CGP 48933, a new angiotensin-II-receptor antagonist, has been shown to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in two different rabbit glaucoma models in a dose-dependent manner after local application. As a further step a pilot study was performed in human eyes. The trial consisted of three parts. Parts 1 and 2 comprised a double-masked intraindividual trial between CGP 48933 and its vehicle (saline) in five healthy volunteers (Part 1) and five patients with early stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (Part 2), to assess local tolerance and the effect on IOP. Part 3 was a single-masked intraindividual trial between CGP 48933 and saline, to find the effective dose range of the new compound. Local tolerance was assessed as excellent in all subjects. No conjunctival hyperemia burning or itching occurred. There were no significant changes in IOP from baseline in drug or vehicle-treated eyes. In addition, there was no dose-dependent (200 micrograms to 1 mg) effect of CGP 48933 on IOP. Systemic blood pressure, heart rate and pupil size did not change during the observation period. Topical application of CGP 48933 in its present formulation is thus not suitable for lowering IOP in humans.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reproducibility of acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry in normal subjects.

The reproducibility of nasal patency measurements was assessed by acoustic rhinometry and active rhinomanometry using previously described Toronto methodologies. Six subjects with normal upper airways were tested with both procedures on six separate occasions within a 2-month period. Topical decongestant was applied to minimize the effects of mucosal variation on the nasal airway. The mean coefficients of variation (mean +/- s.d; %) over time of the measurements were 8.1 +/- 4.1 and 9.7 +/- 5.2 for minimal unilateral cross-sectional area and 4.8 +/- 1.8 and 5.5 +/- 3.5 for nasal volume (0-5 cm) of the right and left sides, respectively. For active rhinomanometry, the mean coefficients of variation (mean +/- s.d.; %) over time of the measurements were 15.9 +/- 7.3, 12.9 +/- 4.6, and 8.5 +/- 2.8 for right, left and combined nasal airflow resistance. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.76, 0.70, and 0.96 for right, left, and combined nasal resistance, 0.91 and 0.87 for right and left minimal cross sectional area, and 0.86 and 0.69 for right and left nasal volumes, respectively, also confirming a high level of reproducibility for both methods. In conclusion, performed by an experienced operator under controlled circumstances, the reproducibility of both methods of nasal patency assessment compared favorably with many widely accepted clinical tests.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1999

Myocardial protection: the rebirth of potassium-based cardioplegia.

The introduction of open-heart surgery more than 4 decades ago signaled a new era in medicine. For the 1st time, previously untreatable cardiac anomalies became amenable to surgical therapy. The use of the heart-lung machine seemed to grant the surgeon unlimited time in which to operate inside the heart. Still frustrated by poor operating conditions and the threat of air embolism, Denis Melrose introduced elective cardiac arrest in 1955. His use of a potassium citrate solution seemed to offer a safe method to effect a quiet, bloodless field. However, a few years after its inception, numerous reports began to question the safety of this approach, and the Melrose technique was abandoned in the early 1960s. Nearly 15 years elapsed before potassium-based cardioplegia regained popularity. During this period, topical hypothermia, coronary perfusion with intermittent aortic occlusion, and normothermic ischemia were evaluated and discarded. A few European investigators like Hoelscher, Bretschneider, and Kirsch had maintained their interest in chemical cardioplegia, and it was through their efforts that future researchers like Hearse and Gay spearheaded the return to potassium-based cardioplegia, which today forms the core of the cardiac surgeon's myocardial protective armamentarium and has contributed towards lowering operative mortality rates.

Cardiac Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1975

[Use in anesthesiology of a new beta-2-stimulator, Salbutamol. Original technic and considerations].

Notes on drugs relating to the adrenergic system are followed by an account of the chemical, pharmacological and clinical features of a new beta2-stimulant, Salbutamol. Employment of this drug to prevent bronchospastic crises in 10 asthmatic patients subjected to narcosis is reported. An original technique was used: oral administration preoperatively, inhalation in the immediate preoperative period, topically on the trachea, and inhalation and oral adminstration post-operatively. Satisfactory results were observed in all 10 cases and support for the use of Salbutamol in anaesthesiology is given.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Congenital cutaneous candidiasis: report of two cases].

Congenital cutaneous candidiasis is a very rare disease. We reported two newborn infants in whom generalized skin eruption was noted at birth, characteristics of erythematous papules and pustules. The eruption involved head, face, neck, trunk and extremities. Candida albicans was demonstrated on direct KOH smear, by surface fungal cultures and skin biopsy. The disease implies a congenital intrauterine infection and is different from neonatal candidiasis which manifests as thrush, diaper dermatitis. The route of infection is ascending in congenital cutaneous candidiasis. The skin eruption is usually noted at birth or within 12 hours after delivery as a diffuse erythematous maculopapula, with pustules or vesicles distributed over head, face, neck, trunk and extremities. There is no fever; other constitutional signs are lacking. No evidence of impaired immunological responsiveness has been noted in previous study. Clinical features, direct smear examination of specimen and appropriate cultures are useful in differentiating the lesions from other more common dermatoses of the neonatal period. Topical antifungal therapy is sufficient unless systemic candidiasis is present. Prognosis for congenital cutaneous candidiasis is good.

Candidiasis↗
PubMed1994

The effects of radiation on the contractile activity of guinea pig mesenteric lymphatics.

In order to assess the effects of irradiation on lymphatic function, the contraction frequency and maximum and minimum diameters of guinea pig mesenteric collecting lymphatic vessels were measured in vivo 4 hours after 1000 rads of abdominal irradiation. The mean contraction frequency for lymphatics from irradiated guinea pigs (7.6 +/- 0.7) was significantly higher than for normals (non-irradiated) (4.7 +/- 0.7) during an initial control observation period, but there was no difference in maximum or minimum diameter between the two groups during this period. Topical application of 10(-4) M noradrenaline (NA) significantly increased contraction frequency in both groups; lymph vessel diameter significantly decreased after NA in irradiated, but not in normal guinea pigs. Intravenous infusion of calcium dobesilate (200 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in the contraction frequency of lymphatic vessels in both normal (to 9.4 +/- 1.5) and irradiated (to 9.8 +/- 1.2) animals, but diameter was not significantly altered. Thus, lymphatic vessels from irradiated guinea pigs were still responsive to exogenous stimuli 4 hours post-irradiation and were initially pumping more actively than those from normal guinea pigs, presumably in response to radiation-induced edema. They also exhibited a supersensitivity to the vasoconstrictive effects of NA, perhaps due to an alteration of the pacemaker or smooth muscle cells by irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The effect of oral dexamethasone on the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor flow in humans.

PURPOSE: To determine if the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroid activity is necessary for the circadian rhythm of aqueous humor flow to occur in humans. METHODS: Twenty normal volunteers were recruited for this randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study. Oral dexamethasone was given at a dose of 0.5 mg every 6 hours; this is equivalent to more than two times the normal 24-hour endogenous adrenal corticosteroid production. This dosage schedule will maintain a relatively constant level of corticosteroid action throughout a 24-hour period. Topical fluorescein and a scanning fluorophotometer were used to measure the rate of aqueous humor flow. Subjects were studied on two separate days. On one study day, the subject took 0.5 mg of dexamethasone every 6 hours; on the other study day, the same subject took a placebo every 6 hours. RESULTS: During the morning, aqueous flow was 4.06 +/- 0.70 microliters/min (mean +/- SD) in subjects taking dexamethasone and 3.82 +/- 0.85 in subjects taking a placebo. This 6% higher dexamethasone flow was not significant (P = 0.10). During the afternoon, aqueous flow was 3.83 +/- 0.78 in subjects taking dexamethasone and 3.52 +/- 0.77 in subjects taking a placebo. This 9% higher dexamethasone flow was statistically significant (P = 0.02). The nighttime aqueous flow was 1.38 +/- 0.45 in subjects taking dexamethasone and 1.43 +/- 0.34 in subjects taking the placebo. There was not a significant difference between placebo and dexamethasone during the night (P = 0.40). On each day, intraocular pressure was measured at 8:00 AM, 4:00 PM, and 6:00 AM. When comparing dexamethasone to placebo, no significant difference was observed in any of the intraocular pressures. CONCLUSIONS: The study is interpreted as showing that the reduction of aqueous humor flow during sleep can occur in the absence of a comparable fall in plasma corticosteroid pathway.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Mental illness topics in popular periodicals.

Recent emphases on educating the general public about mental illness have included the encouragement of the publication of plainly written, lay-oriented information about mental disorders and their treatment in popular periodicals. To examine the extent to which coverage of mental health topics in popular magazines is being accomplished, the present study looked at the numbers and types of articles related to mental health indexed in the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature and changes in indexed articles between 1965 and 1988. The number of articles and number of headings related to mental illness and treatment have increased significantly since 1965, particularly those describing specific disorders. In addition, many of the changes in headings used by the Readers' Guide are consistent with changes in the field (e.g., the introduction of new diagnostic categories) and with desired changes in terminology (e.g., using less stigmatizing terms). These general findings are encouraging for mental health education advocates, although more detailed analysis of the content of articles is needed to be sure that the increased periodical information available to the public is accurate and up-to-date.

Health Education↗
PubMed1997

[Quality assurance as the topic in medical periodicals. Results of a literature search].

Against the background of the increasing importance of quality assurance procedures for the medical profession, it was questioned to which extend the topic "quality assurance" is content in medical journals. The frequency of articles with the key word "quality assurance" in German journals for the period from 1/1992 to 9/1996 was analyzed by using a literature search on Knowledge Finder's Health Star database. Journals for the clinical physician and the physician in the medical practice, that listed more than 200 articles, were taken into account. By using the key word "quality assurance", 276 articles were found (79 in 6 interdisciplinary journals, 197 in 22 medical journals). Interdisciplinary journals published between 8 and 25 (median: 13, rank 1: Zeitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung), medical journals between 2 and 56 (median 13, rank 1: Chirurg). This analysis leads to the conclusion that a comprehensive continuing education about medical and interdisciplinary aspects of quality assurance in medicine only by reading common German medical journals may not be sufficient.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1982

[Periodic application of topical corticosteroids. Practicability and therapeutic value in daily practice].

Therapeutic efficacy and practicability of an interval treatment were investigated in a multi-center study in a total of 1573 patients with psoriasis or eczema, respectively. Fluocortolone monohydrate as Syracort and Syracerin as steroid-free "partner drug" were applied at 4-/3-day intervals. The findings and established results substantiate equivalent therapeutic success in comparison with consistent treatment. Starting from the premise that the risk of steroidinduced skin lesions can be reduced, if not avoided, by interval application of topical corticosteroids one may consider steroid application at intervals as superior to consistent therapy.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of normal ocular bacterial flora with two different culture media.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of broth culture medium is efficient in investigating bacterial flora of the normal eyelid and conjunctiva. METHODS: Samples from the conjunctiva and eyelid of healthy patients of various ages who were undergoing ocular surgeries were obtained and cultured at 3 periods: before topical antibiotic prophylaxis, in the postoperative period during topical antibiotic treatment, and 15 days after discontinuation of antibiotic use. Samples were inoculated into both brain heart infusion broth and blood agar plate, and the growth results of both media were analyzed. RESULTS: Brain heart infusion broth medium showed a significantly higher bacterial growth of gram-positive cocci in most periods. The solid blood agar medium had a higher recovery of gram-positive bacilli before prophylaxis only in the older patients. INTERPRETATION: Our results show that a more complete analysis of eyelid and conjunctival flora can be obtained using both liquid and solid media to increase the chances of isolate recovery. The inclusion of liquid media in this analysis was even more relevant in the period of concomitant use of antibiotic treatment.

Adult↗