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Results for “Persons with Psychiatric Disorders”

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PubMed2005

The behavioural profile of psychiatric disorders in persons with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND: Problems associated with psychiatric diagnoses could be minimized by identifying behavioural clusters of specific psychiatric disorders. METHODS: Sixty persons with intellectual disability (ID) and behavioural problems, aged 12-55 years, were assessed with standardized Indian tools for intelligence and adaptive behaviour. Clinical diagnoses were conferred as per International Classification of Diseases - 10th Revision (ICD-10) criteria. Subsequently Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviors (RSMB) and AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-Part II were administered independently. RESULTS: Aggression and rebellious behaviours were more common in affective disorders and personality disorders. Psychotic and paranoid features were significantly more in psychosis group. Those with behavioural problems had significantly low scores on the sub-scales of RSMB. CONCLUSION: RSMB and AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale-Part II will be useful to identify behavioural clusters, which will complement clinical psychiatric diagnoses in individuals with ID.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills of persons with psychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the discriminant validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) when used to evaluate a heterogeneous sample of subjects with psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Sixty subjects, ranging in age from 16 to 72 years, participated in this study; 30 were persons without disorders living in the community; 30 had diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Two univariate F tests were used to test the hypothesis that mean AMPS measures would differ significantly between the group with and the group without psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: The hypothesis was supported for both AMPS motor and process scale measures. As would be expected among a sample that includes many higher functioning persons, many subjects with psychiatric disorders did just as well as subjects in the group without psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Motor as well as process skill abilities of persons with psychiatric disorders should be evaluated. Because the AMPS provides more specific features than other global functional instruments, it can help clinicians plan treatment and intervention more effectively. Further examination of the motor and process skill deficits within and among diagnostic subgroups and of the effect of medication and prolonged hospitalization on AMPS motor and process abilities is indicated.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2002

Perception of aggression, personality disorders and psychiatric morbidity in nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between perception of aggression, personality disorders and psychiatric morbidity. METHOD: Ninety nursing students were interviewed. A two-stage transversal analysis was used, the first stage using the Spanish version of the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), the true-false test of international personality disorders (IPDE) of Loranger, and the perception of aggression scale (POAS) of Jansen. For the second stage we used the Spanish version of the clinical interview schedule (CIS), and the full test of IPDE. RESULTS: Perception of aggression was mainly described as a violent reaction. There were no significant differences in the perception of aggression according to GHQ(+), CIS(+) and IPDE(+). There was a significant relationship between perception of aggression as violent reaction and gender. CONCLUSION: Aggression was perceived by our nursing students as a violent reaction. A significant relationship with gender was observed.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Cocaine use and dependence in young adults: associated psychiatric disorders and personality traits.

Current and lifetime prevalence of substance use and psychiatric disorders was determined by administering the NIMH-DIS, revised to cover DSM-III-R diagnoses, to a sample of 1007 young adults. Personality and affectivity were measured also. Increased rate of any Substance Use Disorder was related to use of cocaine more than 5 times over the lifetime regardless of whether or not criteria for Cocaine Dependence were met. Increased rate of any Affective Disorder was related to dependence in those who used cocaine more than 5 times. Cocaine use was associated with increased neuroticism, psychoticism and negative affect.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Sex distribution of DSM-III personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients.

The author determined the sex distribution of 170 outpatients with a DSM-III diagnosis of personality disorder measured by standardized instruments and compared his findings with DSM-III predictions. They confirmed the prediction of more women diagnosed as having histrionic personality disorder and more men diagnosed as having paranoid, compulsive, and antisocial personality disorders. The predicted excess of women diagnosed as having borderline and dependent personality disorders was not confirmed.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed1990

Use of the ICD-10 version of the Standardized Assessment of Personality to determine the prevalence of personality disorder in psychiatric in-patients.

The Standardized Assessment of Personality (SAP) involves a short semi-structured interview with an informant. It was modified to accord with the 1987 draft of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and used to assess the pre-morbid personality of first-admission patients in one London area over the period of one year. Of the 120 (84% of the total sample of first-admissions) patients included, 43 (36%) were found to satisfy the ICD-10 criteria for personality disorder and a further 17 (14%) to satisfy the criteria for personality trait accentuation.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Sensitivity to noise in a community sample: I. Measurement of psychiatric disorder and personality.

A sample of 77 women of high and low noise sensitivity, living in areas of high and low exposure to aircraft noise drawn from the 1977 West London Survey, were interviewed in the community in 1980. Women of high, intermediate and low noise sensitivity in 1980 were compared for measures of psychiatric disorder, personality and reactivity to the other sensory stimuli. In addition, the noise sensitivity measures defining the three groups in 1980 were compared with further measures of noise sensitivity. High noise sensitive women exhibited significantly more psychiatric symptoms, higher neuroticism scores, and greater reactivity to other sensory stimuli than intermediate and low noise sensitive women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Do psychosocial variables predict weight loss or mental health after obesity surgery? A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of psychological and psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after bariatric surgery. This systematic review included all controlled and noncontrolled trials of the last 2 decades with either a retrospective or prospective design and a follow-up period of at least 1 year. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The relevant literature was identified by a search of computerized databases. All articles published in English and German between 1980 and 2002 were reviewed. RESULTS: Using the above inclusion/exclusion criteria, 29 articles were identified focusing on psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after obesity surgery. DISCUSSION: Personality traits have no predictive value for the postoperative course of weight or mental state. Apart from serious psychiatric disorders including personality disorders, psychiatric comorbidity seems to be of more predictive value for mental and physical well-being as two essential aspects of quality of life than for weight loss postsurgery. However, depressive and anxiety symptoms as correlates of psychological stress with regard to obesity seem to be positive predictors of weight loss postsurgery. The severity of the symptoms or the disorder is more relevant for the outcome of obesity surgery than the specificity of the symptoms. It is also not solely the consumption of distinct "forbidden" foods, such as sweets or soft drinks, but rather a general hypercaloric eating behavior, either as an expression of the patient's inadequate compliance or a dysregulation in energy balance, which is associated with a poor weight loss postsurgery.

Bariatrics↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of previously undiagnosed psychiatric disorders in persons with developmental disabilities decreased or eliminated self-injurious behavior.

BACKGROUND: Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is one of the most common challenging behaviors in persons with autistic disorder or severe/profound mental retardation. Many psychotropic drugs have been evaluated for their effectiveness in SIB. Results have varied, and no one psychotropic drug has been indicated for SIB. In this prospective, open clinical study, psychotropic drugs were used to treat the previously undiagnosed psychiatric disorder in persons exhibiting SIB. METHOD: Data were collected from 26 individuals with mental retardation (14 males, 12 females), 7 to 45 years of age (mean = 30.3 years), who exhibited SIB. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria. The Behavior Problem Inventory, Yudofsky's Overt Aggression Scale, repeated direct observation, and information on use of protective devices and Likert scales from log books were used to evaluate degree of SIB. Most of the patients were treated with different psychotropic drugs and behavior modification before they were evaluated for this study, but only 7 of them carried a psychiatric diagnosis. Data were collected between 1987 and 1997. RESULTS: Depressive disorders, impulse-control disorder, and anxiety disorder were the most common final diagnoses. Neuroleptics were discontinued in 5 patients and tapered by 50% to 75% in 14 patients. Antidepressants were added in 12 patients. Treatment of psychiatric disorders produced significant (p < .001) decrease in the severity of SIB in the 26 patients, and SIB was eliminated in 12 patients. The severity of SIB decreased to mild from a moderate, severe, or extreme degree in 11 patients and from an extreme to a severe degree in 3 patients. CONCLUSION: The most effective treatment for SIB that is resistant to environment changes and behavior modification in persons with developmental disabilities is the treatment of their psychiatric disorders with the appropriate psychotropics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

The frequency of multiple personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: A 2-year study was undertaken to determine the frequency of multiple personality disorder among general adult psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: All individuals admitted to two 23-bed acute care wards in a teaching hospital in Winnipeg, Man., were screened with the Dissociative Experiences Scale. Individuals with prior diagnoses of multiple personality disorder were excluded. All subjects scoring 20 or higher on the Dissociative Experiences Scale were interviewed with the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule. Then subjects with a diagnosis of multiple personality disorder and comparison subjects were interviewed by a clinician who was blind to all research data. RESULTS: A total of 299 subjects completed the Dissociative Experiences Scale and 80 received a structured diagnostic interview. Ten subjects (3.3%) had clinically confirmed multiple personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: If these results are replicated and accepted, multiple personality disorder will become a serious consideration in the differential diagnosis of many psychiatric patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Interpersonal contact and acceptance of persons with psychiatric disorders: a research synthesis.

This meta-analytic review predicted and confirmed that interpersonal contact between mental health employees or students and persons diagnosed with psychiatric disorders is associated with improved attitudes toward the latter group. As also predicted, the amount of attitude change was found to be smaller, although still significant, when the evaluative measure described a group of the "mentally ill" rather than specific individuals, and when the respondents were mental health employees rather than students. Contrary to predictions, contact interventions of longer duration were not associated with greater attitude changes. It is concluded that contact interventions occurring in mental health settings are effective in promoting attitude changes toward persons with psychiatric disorders, and methodological refinements that should strengthen the effectiveness of future contact interventions are outlined.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and personality profiles of American World War II prisoners of war.

To characterize the effects of trauma sustained more than 40 years ago, prevalence of psychiatric disorders and personality dimensions were examined in a sample of 62 former World War II POWs. The negative effects of their experiences are reflected in their multiple lifetime diagnoses and in their current personality profiles. Fifty percent met DSM-III posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria within 1 year of release; 18 (29%) continued to meet the criteria 40 years later at examination (chronic PTSD). A lifetime diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder was found for over half the entire sample; in 42% of those who never had PTSD, 38% of those with recovery from PTSD, and 94% of those with chronic PTSD. Ten percent of those without a PTSD diagnosis had experienced a depressive disorder, as had 23% of those with recovery from PTSD and 61% of the POWs with chronic PTSD. The combination of depressive and anxiety disorders also was frequent in the total sample (61%). Current MMPIs of three groups with psychiatric diagnosis were compared with those of POWs who had no diagnoses and with a group of Minnesota normal men. Profile elevations for the groups, from highest to lowest, were: POWs with chronic PTSD, POWs with recovery from PTSD, POWs with other psychiatric diagnoses, POWs with no disorders, and Minnesota normal men. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns combined with the personality styles of suppression and denial characterize the current adjustment of negatively affected POWs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Severity of somatization and its relationship to psychiatric disorders and personality.

Medical patients' (75 with chronic fatigue complaints, 61 with dizziness, and 88 with disabling tinnitus; N = 224) current and past psychiatric diagnoses and personality characteristics were assessed to determine if they could independently explain the number of medically unexplained physical symptoms that the patients had experienced. Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule based on DSM-III-R were used to assess the personality and psychiatric diagnoses, respectively. The results revealed that the number of lifetime medically unexplained symptoms were significantly, independently, and positively related to increasing numbers of current and past anxiety and depressive disorders and to the harm avoidance dimension of the TPQ. In a second analysis, the "worry/pessimism" and "impulsiveness" subscales were positively related to the number of medically unexplained symptoms. The results suggest that somatization is associated with current and past history of psychiatric illnesses and harm avoidance in this sample of medical patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years.

Fifty-six cases with childhood onset deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) were followed-up at age 16 years and compared with 45 children without DAMP. Both groups had originally been recruited from the general population at the age of 6 years. Psychiatric disorders (affective disorders in particular) were more common in the DAMP group. Personality disorders were common in both groups, but the DAMP group much more often had a combination of several different personality disorders. The reasons for the discrepancies between teenagers with and without a prior history of DAMP are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Genetic interconnections between personality-related phenotypes and psychiatric disorders.

BACKGROUND: Personality-related phenotypes are genetically correlated with psychiatric disorders, but whether these relationships reflect shared genetic loci and differ across individual phenotypes remains unclear. We investigated their shared genetic architecture at the level of specific phenotype-disorder pairs. METHODS: We analyzed genome-wide association study summary statistics for 13 personality-related phenotypes and eight psychiatric disorders in populations of European ancestry. Genetic correlations were evaluated separately for 104 phenotype-disorder pairs using linkage disequilibrium score regression and high-definition likelihood. For pairs supported by both methods, MTAG and CPASSOC were applied separately to identify pleiotropic signals, followed by linkage disequilibrium clumping, Bayesian colocalization, gene prioritization, functional enrichment and bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses. No composite personality or psychiatric-disorder phenotype was constructed. RESULTS: Among the 104 evaluated pairs, 77 showed significant positive genetic correlations in both analyses. Joint screening of MTAG and CPASSOC results identified pleiotropic signals in 61 pairs, comprising 1088 independent lead SNV-pair associations and 776 unique SNVs. Bayesian colocalization supported 351 signals across 42 pairs and 284 unique lead SNVs. MAGMA identified 1293 unique genes, of which 379 were prioritized by PoPS and 151 were further supported by SMR. These genes were enriched in brain tissues and biological processes involving nervous system development, synaptic organization and intercellular connectivity. Inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization identified 41 forward and 32 reverse associations after false-discovery-rate correction, including 21 pairs with bidirectional evidence. CONCLUSION: These item-resolved analyses identify widespread but heterogeneous genetic sharing between personality-related phenotypes and psychiatric disorders. The findings provide a pair-specific map of shared loci and prioritized genes, while the Mendelian randomization results should be interpreted cautiously because of residual heterogeneity and potential horizontal pleiotropy. Further validation in diverse populations and functional studies is required.

Colocalization↗

PubMed1991

Psychiatric disorders in persons with Down syndrome.

This study was designed to provide information on the prevalence and nature of psychiatric disorders in 497 individuals with Down syndrome. There were 261 patients under 20 years of age and 164 patients 20 years and older, with both groups followed as outpatients, and 72 residents from a state school. The overall frequency of psychiatric disorders in our study population was 22.1%. Patients under 20 years of age often displayed disruptive behaviors, anxiety disorders, and repetitive behaviors. Individuals with Down syndrome 20 years and older who were followed as outpatients more often exhibited major depressive disorders and state school residents were found to have an increased prevalence of dementia.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among persons convicted of driving while impaired.

BACKGROUND: Large numbers of convicted drunk drivers are entering alcohol treatment programs, yet little information is available about their need for psychiatric treatment. This study of convicted drunk drivers estimates lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders (alcohol and drug abuse and dependence, major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and antisocial personality disorder) and compares rates with estimates from a US population-based survey. METHODS: Six hundred twelve women and 493 men, aged 23 to 54 years, convicted of driving while impaired, who had been referred to a screening program in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, were located and interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule between January 25, 1994, and June 30, 1997. Psychiatric diagnoses were compared with findings from the National Comorbidity Survey for the western region of the United States, conducted between September 14, 1990, and February 6, 1992. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of female and 91% of male offenders reported a lifetime alcohol-use disorder, compared with 22% and 44%, respectively, in the National Comorbidity Survey sample. Thirty-two percent of female and 38% of male offenders had a drug-use disorder, compared with 16% and 21%, respectively, in the National Comorbidity Survey sample. For offenders with alcohol-use disorders, 50% of women and 33% of men had at least 1 additional psychiatric disorder other than drug abuse or dependence, mainly posttraumatic stress disorder or major depression. CONCLUSION: Drunk-driving offenders need assessment and treatment services not only for alcohol problems but also for drug use and the other psychiatric disorders that commonly accompany alcohol-related problems.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Overcoming service barriers for homeless persons with serious psychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To help homeless persons with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders gain access to community services, in 1993 the Center for Mental Health Services implemented the five-year Access to Community Care and Effective Services, or ACCESS program, in 15 cities. One aim of the program is to encourage collaboration between agencies serving the multiple needs of this population. This study examined the extent of linkages between agencies in the 15 demonstration cities. METHODS: One respondent from each of the 1,060 community-based programs in tie 15 cities rated the extent to which his or her agency was linked with each of the other agencies in the local community in 1994 and again in 1996. Overall, there were 20,801 potential pairwise linkages. Linkages were classified into four types: a mutual tie, in which both agencies send and receive clients; a unidirectional tie, in which one agency sends and the other receives; an attempted tie, in which one agency sends but the other agency does not confirm receiving; and an unattempted tie. RESULTS: In 1994 and 1996, of the 20,801 pairs of potential service linkages, about a third were in place, while the remaining two-thirds were absent. Overall, linkages showed a slight but significant increase between 1994 and 1996. More than half of the linkages changed in type, indicating fluid service systems. CONCLUSIONS: Linkages between community agencies serving homeless persons with comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders are not extensive. However, they increased slightly under the first two years of the ACCESS program, and there are good reasons to anticipate greater improvements in the future.

Community Mental Health Services↗