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PubMed2005

Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster needles as passive samplers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in pine needles of different ages (from 6 to 30 months) collected from two species, Pinus nigra and Pinus pinaster, in seven sites located along a transect from a suburban to a rural area of Genoa (Italy). In all sites and for both species, concentrations of more volatile PAHs (phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene) were higher than those for other less volatile PAHs, which are preferentially sorbed to airborne particulates (benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzofluoranthenes, benzo[a]pyrene). Concentrations of total PAHs found in P. nigra in the rural sites were, on the average, 2.3 times higher than those in P. pinaster growing nearby. In both pine species, concentrations of volatile PAHs increased according to needle age. Annual trends of other PAHs were more variable, with a general decrease in older needles. P. pinaster needles are shown to be more reliable passive samplers, since they are more resistant to plant diseases, and considerable variation in PAH concentration was observed in P. nigra needles with moulds and fungi.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Growth and photosynthetic responses of two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in a polluted industrial region in Korea.

We investigated the effects of pollutants on two pine species (Pinus koraiensis and Pinus rigida) in an industrial region in Korea, using a physiological approach. The concentrations of fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) in the atmosphere, in precipitation and soil water at the damaged site were all significantly higher than at a control site. Moreover, the concentrations of F, Cl and Mn in pine needles were significantly higher, and essential elements and chlorophyll in needles were significantly lower at the damaged site than at the control site. The photosynthetic capacities, shoot length and survival statistics of needles of the two pines were all significantly reduced at the damaged site compared to the control site, especially P. rigida. Based on our comparison of photosynthetic responses and the concentrations of F, Cl and Mn in needles of the two pine species, P. koraiensis is more resistant to excess Mn in its needles than P. rigida.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2005

A diameter increment model for Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Isparta region, Turkey.

The purpose of this research was to test the precision of a diameter increment model for the estimation of future periodic diameter increment. Individual trees of Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) and Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) located in both natural and plantation stands were selected. For that reason, normal closed canopy, pure, even-aged and undisturbed stands were examined. In 2002, plots were sampled in three natural and three plantation stands in Isparta region of Turkey. The number of sampling points in sample plots ranged from 19 to 55. In each sampling point, a subject tree and six competitors were selected. In each sampling point, subject tree and competitor trees were stem mapped (x and y coordinate system), and diameter (dbh), total height, age, and 10-yrs radial increment recorded. The predictors of a distance dependent diameter increment model were chosen that included tree level (diameter (d), competition index (CI), and age (t)) and stand level (basal area (G), and site index (SI)) characteristics as well as their transformations. The best fit index of the regression model was pursued in trials with variable combinations. The models explained 65%, 60%, 68% and 50% of the variation in individual tree diameter increment of Crimean pine and Calabrian pine for both natural and plantations stands, respectively. These models can be estimated diameter increment of individual trees at highly significant level (p<0.001).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The effects of sulphur gas and elemental sulphur dust deposition on Pinus contorta x Pinus banksiana: cell walls and water relations.

The bulk modulus of elasticity (E) for Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) x Pinus banksiana (jack pine) hybrids was compared between a site (AI) close to a sour gas processing plant and a control site (AV). The mean bulk modulus of elasticity for branches from AI was 47.5 MPa vs 18.5 MPa for the control site (AV). Site AI had been exposed to S-gas emissions and large amounts of elemental S deposition and had an acidic soil (pH 4.0 at 10 cm depth). During 1981 the needles at AI had more aluminum and iron compared to those at AV (900 ppm vs 390 ppm AI in the 3-year-old needles). Mean leader growth was measured over a 3-year period and was observed to be greater at AI than AV (46+/-7 cm vs 29+/-9 cm for 1988). Histochemically, the needles at AI had higher phenol and lignin content than AV. These results suggest that the S-gas fumigation, S-dust deposition, plus increased concentrations of soluble aluminum and iron had altered the cell wall elastic properties resulting in altered water relations. The implications of this on leaf diffusive resistance and photosynthesis are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Seasonal differences in freezing stress resistance of needles of Pinus nigra and Pinus resinosa: evaluation of the electrolyte leakage method.

Seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance of needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees were measured by an electrolyte leakage method and by visual observation. During most of the year, freezing stress resistance determined by the two methods gave similar results. The electrolyte leakage method provided a good estimate of seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance except for red pine needles in their most winter-hardy state. To obtain a reliable estimate of freezing stress resistance in winter-hardy red pine needles it was necessary to combine the electrolyte leakage method with visual observations. When red pine needles survived exposure to -80 degrees C or lower, electrolyte leakage was never more than 30% even when the needles were exposed to a slow freeze-thaw stress of -196 degrees C. However, rapid freezing of red pine needles to -196 degrees C resulted in electrolyte leakage of over 80%. Red pine needles attained a much higher freezing stress resistance during the winter than Austrian pine. Red pine needles also acclimated and deacclimated faster than Austrian pine needles. An index of injury was developed based on the electrolyte leakage method ((R(2) + R(1))/2, where R(1) is the minimum % electrolyte leakage from noninjured tissue and R(2) is the maximum % electrolyte leakage at the highest injury) that reliably predicted freezing stress resistance of pine needles for most of the year. Important aspects for developing a successful index of injury for pine needles are: use of cut needles, vacuum infiltration and shaking during incubation in water.We conclude that: (1) during cold acclimation the cell wall properties of the pine needles changed and these changes, which appeared to differ in the two species, might explain the very low leakage of electrolytes from winter-hardy needles of red pine; (2) pine needles survive winter by developing the ability to tolerate extracellular ice formation, because after rapid freezing the needles were severely injured; and (3) red pine is adapted to a shorter growing season and colder winters than Austrian pine.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Cold acclimation of Pinus contorta and Pinus sylvestris assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence.

Needle samples of six provenances each of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), originating from latitudes 55 to 68 degrees N in western Canada and northern Sweden, were collected during the autumn and subjected to freezing temperatures in the range of -8 to -29 degrees C on three occasions in September and October. Needle injury was assessed by two different methods: visual assessment and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data showed a highly significant correlation with the visual assessments of injury, indicating that the technique can be used as a simple, non-destructive and objective measure for rapid detection of freezing injury and for ranking of needle materials with respect to development of cold acclimation. The analyses showed that, during the autumn, lodgepole pine needles were more hardy and acclimated to low temperatures earlier than Scots pine needles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Influence of copper on root growth and morphology of Pinus pinea L. and Pinus pinaster Ait. seedlings.

We assessed the effects of Cu on root growth and morphology of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) seedlings grown in culture solutions supplied with 0.012 (control), 0.1, 1 or 5 micro M CuSO(4). The presence of 5 micro M Cu in the nutrient solution completely inhibited root growth of both species within 3 days. In both species, taproot elongation was reduced in the presence of 1 micro M Cu, although partial growth recovery occurred after 7 days of treatment. The presence of 0.1 micro M Cu in the culture solution slightly enhanced root elongation in P. pinaster, but did not significantly influence root elongation in P. pinea. In both species, root weight per unit length increased in response to Cu exposure, and in P. pinaster, root diameter was significantly increased. The Cu treatments also affected lateral root number and length. In the presence of 1 micro M Cu, both species formed only short lateral primordia. The 1 micro M Cu treatment increased the lateral root index (number of roots per cm of root length) of P. pinaster, but decreased that of P. pinea, compared with control values. Neither the 0.1 nor 1 micro M Cu treatment had a significant effect on the mitotic index of either species. We conclude that cell elongation is more sensitive to Cu than cell division. Cell membrane damage, as indicated by Trypan blue staining, occurred after 10 days of exposure to 1 micro M Cu.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Growth and carbon accumulation in root systems of Pinus taeda and Pinus ponderosa seedlings as affected by varying CO(2), temperature and nitrogen.

It has been hypothesized that increasing atmospheric CO(2) concentration enhances accumulation of carbon in fine roots, thereby altering soil carbon dynamics and nutrient cycling. To evaluate possible changes to belowground pools of carbon and nitrogen in response to elevated CO(2), an early and a late successional species of pine (Pinus taeda L. and Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, respectively) were grown from seed for 160 days in a 35 or 70 Pa CO(2) partial pressure at low or high temperature (30-year weekly mean and 30-year weekly mean + 5 degrees C) and a soil solution nitrogen concentration of 1 or 5 mM NH(4)NO(3) at the Duke University Phytotron. Seedlings were harvested at monthly intervals and growth parameters of the primary root, secondary root and tap root fractions evaluated. Total root biomass of P. ponderosa showed a positive CO(2) response (105% increase) (P = 0.0001) as a result of significant increases in all root fractions in the elevated CO(2) treatment, but all other main effects and interactions were insignificant. In P. taeda, there were significant interactions between CO(2) and temperature (P = 0.04) and CO(2) and nitrogen (P = 0.04) for total root biomass. An allometric analysis indicated that modulation of the secondary root fraction was the main response of the trees to altered environmental conditions. In P. ponderosa, there was an increase in the secondary root fraction relative to the primary and tap root fractions under conditions of low temperature. In P. taeda, there was a shift in carbon accumulation to the secondary roots relative to the primary roots under low temperature and low nitrogen. Neither species exhibited shifts in carbon accumulation in response to elevated CO(2). We conclude that both species have the potential to increase belowground biomass substantially in response to rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration, and this response is sensitive to temperature and nitrogen in P. taeda. Both species displayed small shifts in belowground carbon accumulation in response to altered temperature and nitrogen that may have substantial ecosystem consequences over time.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Assay and Electrophoresis of Superoxide Dismutase from Red Spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.), and Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) : A Method for Biomonitoring.

This paper reports a method for extracting the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the needles of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) with high efficiency and free from interfering compounds. The extraction employs phosphate buffer with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and Triton X-100 followed by dialysis overnight. The isozymes of SOD in each species were separated electrophoretically and tested for their sensitivity to KCN and H(2)O(2). An isozyme resistant to these inhibitors was found in the spruce but not the pine needles. The isozymes from the spruce needles were examined for individual responses to aging and H(2)O(2) inhibition. Four of the five CuZn isozymes in spruce were found to have increased significantly but equally by October of their first year and two of those four isozymes were found to be more sensitive to H(2)O(2). The response of the SOD isozymes in loblolly pine seedlings to O(3) was also examined and the isozymes were found to be induced equally. Because the SOD activity in the young pine needles was too low to electrophorese, the SOD activity from the pines in the O(3) experiment had to be partially purified using CHCl(3) and ethanol, then concentrated.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Antimicrobial activities of several parts of Pinus brutia, Juniperus oxycedrus, Abies cilicia, Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra.

In this study, the antimicrobial activities of several parts of various trees grown in the Kahramanmaraş region of Turkey were investigated by the disc diffusion method. Chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts of leaves, resins, barks, cones and fruits of Pinus brutia Ten., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Abies cilicia Ant. & Kotschy Carr., Cedrus libani A. Rich. and Pinus nigra Arn. were prepared and tested against Bacillus megaterium DSM 32, Bacillus subtilis IMG 22, Bacillus cereus FMC 19, Escherichia coli DM, Klebsiella pneumoniae FMC 3, Enterobacter aerogenes CCM 2531, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1, Mycobacterium smegmatis RUT, Proteus vulgaris FMC 1, Listeria monocytogenes Scoot A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 5007, Candida albicans CCM 314, Candida tropicalis MDC 86 and Penicillium italicum K. The results showed that antifungal effects were not observed for the whole extracts, E. coli was not inhibited by any of the plant extracts except by the chloroform and acetone extracts of the leaves of A. cilicia, which showed inhibition zones of 16-18 mm, respectively. All the plant extracts used in this study inhibited the development of the other bacteria studied. When the results of this study were compared with an ampicillin standard, it was found that the microorganisms studied were generally susceptible, intermediate or resistant to the extracts of species when compared with the ampicillin standard. On the other hand, the acetone and methanol extracts of Juniperus fruits were found to be quite resistant.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Genetic variation of F1 hybrids from controlled crosses between Pinus montana var. rostrata and Pinus sylvestris in morphological needle traits.

One hundred and seventeen hybrids, representing ten families from controlled crosses between Pinus montana var. rostrata and Pinus sylvestris, were examined in respect to six morphological traits of two-year-old needles. The biometric data obtained from the measurements provided a basis for multivariate statistical analyses, including discriminant analysis and Mahalanobis distances as principal methods. The analysed families formed two complexes, which were significantly different. The main traits responsible for the distinction were numbers of stomatal rows on both sides of the needles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

13C-isotopic fingerprint of Pinus pinaster Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L. wood related to the quality of standing tree mass in forests from NW Spain.

Pine forest plantations of Pinus pinaster Ait. and P. sylvestris L. located in Galicia, NW Spain, were selected to study the 13C/12C-isotopic fingerprint in wood core samples in order to find possible relationships between the delta(13)C at natural abundance levels and the quality of the standing tree mass. For each pine species, 24 forests growing on acidic soils were studied: half developed over granite and half over schists. Two dominant trees from each plot, corresponding to all possible combinations of forest stands with high or low site index and with adults or young trees, were drilled at the basal part of trunks using a Pressler drill to obtain tree ring samples. The C-isotopic compositions of the litter and the soil organic matter from different soil depths were also determined and statistically significant correlations between these values and the 13C content of the wood were observed. Despite internal variations due to the influence of site index, tree age and parent material, the isotopic fingerprint of P. pinaster wood (mean value delta13C=-26.2+/-0.8 per thousand) significantly differed (P<0.001) from that of P. sylvestris (mean value delta13C=-24.6+/-0.7 per thousand). Relationships between the quality of the stand and the C-isotopic composition of the wood were observed, high quality stands having trees more 13C-depleted than low quality ones. A high correlation between wood delta13C and site index values for P. pinaster stands (r=-0.667, P<0.001) was found, this correlation being even clearer when only P. pinaster growing over schists (r=-0.833, P<0.001) are considered. Again, the correlation between the site index and the wood delta13C of young P. pinaster trees is higher when plots over granite or schists are separately considered. A similar fact occurs for adult P. sylvestris trees from schists stands, high quality specimens being 13C-depleted compared with low quality ones. On the other hand, 13C natural abundance of wood from P. sylvestris trees seems to be also strongly influenced by the underlying parent material, young trees from granite stands having a statistically higher 13C-isotopic composition (P<0.05) than young trees from schists stands.

Biomass↗
PubMed1994

90Sr uptake by Pinus ponderosa and Pinus radiata seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Strontium-90 ((90)Sr) is a radionuclide characteristic of fallout from nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear weapons testing. Prior studies have shown that Pinus ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings can remove appreciable quantities of (90)Sr from soil and store it in plant tissue. In this study, we inoculated P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings with one of five isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Inoculated and noninoculated (control) seedlings were compared for their ability to remove (90)Sr from an organic growth medium. Seedlings were grown in a growth chamber in glass tubes containing 165 cm(3) of sphagnum peat moss and perlite (1 : 1 (v/v)) and, except in the controls, the fungal inoculum. After 3 months, 5978 Bq of (90)Sr in 1 ml of sterile, distilled, deionized water was added. Seedlings were grown for an additional month and then harvested. P. ponderosa seedlings with ectomycorrhizae accumulated 3.0-6.0% of the (90)Sr; bioconcentration ratios (Bq (90)Sr cm(-3) plant tissue/Bq (90)Sr cm(-3) growth medium) ranged from 98-162. Ectomycorrhizal P. radiata seedlings accumulated 6.0-6.9% of the (90)Sr; bioconcentration ratios ranged from 88-133. Nonmycorrhizal P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings accumulated only 0.6 and 0.7% of the (90)Sr and had bioconcentration ratios of 28 and 27, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal P. ponderosa and P. radiata seedlings are able to remove 3-5 times more (90)Sr from contaminated soil than seedlings without ectomycorrhizae.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition and soil chemistry on the nutritional status of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris.

The ammonium content and the base cation content, expressed relative to ammonium, are enhanced in the soil of Dutch forests, due to the extremely high deposition of ammonium to the forest floor. A nation-wide investigation was carried out to establish whether and how these changed nitrogen fluxes in deposition and soil affect the nutritional status of coniferous trees. The chemical composition of needles of Douglas fir, Scots pine and Corsican pine showed a regional trend similar to that of deposition and soil solution. Particularly nutrients, expressed relative to nitrogen, decreased from North to South. Of the macronutrients phosphorus was most often deficient and therefore probably limiting in the Douglas fir stands. Many pine trees suffered from relative magnesium shortages. In all stands, magnesium and, in Douglas stands, also phosphorus contents of the needles were negatively correlated with ammonium and ammonium/cation ratios in deposition. However, in contrast to pine trees, nutrient contents in needles of Douglas fir showed correlation with nitrate rather than with ammonium in the soil solution. Correlation analyses indicate that nitrogen fluxes in the soil, indirectly affect the nutritional status of coniferous trees.

Journal Article↗