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PubMed1978

Heart rate, recall, and reaction-time measures of levels of processing.

A problem of circularity emerges in any attempt to index depth by retention alone. In the present study, reaction time (RT), and heart-rate response were used to index the three qualitatively distinct levels of physical, phonemic, and semantic processing. An additional objective was to distinguish between the three levels under incidental vs intentional learning conditions. Subjects were 46 male undergraduates who were given 30 trials. A trial consisted of the presentation of an orienting question and an imperative word-stimulus separated by a 6-sec. interval. There were three types of questions in order to induce processing to one of the three target levels. The results indicated that recall as well as heart-rate acceleration distinguished between two (physical vs phonemic and semantic) rather than three levels of processing in the incidental condition. Heart-rate change differentiated between incidental and intentional, the intentional condition showing a smaller change. Semantic and phonemic RTs were faster than physical RT, but there were no differences between semantic and phonemic RTs. Intentional recall was superior to incidental recall. It is suggested that psychophysiological indices can provide independent evidence for 'levels of processing.'

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Lifestyle advice in general practice: rates recalled by patients.

OBJECTIVE: To document how often patients with varying cardiovascular risk levels reported receiving lifestyle advice from general practice. DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive survey by postal questionnaire. SETTING: 5 general practices in Bedfordshire. SUBJECTS: 4941 people aged 35-64 years who had consulted a general practitioner at least once during the 12 months before completing the questionnaire and who subsequently attended for a health check as part of the OXCHECK trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Report of having received advice from a general practitioner or practice nurse about smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, or diet during the 12 months before completing the questionnaire. Cardiovascular risk assessed by a nurse during structured health check. RESULTS: The overall reported rate of advice was 27% for smoking, 4.5% for exercise, 12% for diet, and 3% for alcohol consumption. Those with unhealthy behaviour profile or at increased cardiovascular risk received more advice--for example, 47% of smokers with a history of cardiovascular disease received advice on smoking. Among those at increased risk, men were more likely than women to receive advice about exercise (11% v 4%, p = 0.04) and alcohol consumption (10% v 4%, p = 0.007), while women received more advice about weight (17% v 23%, p < 0.001). The rate of receiving advice was unaffected by age, marital status, or social class. CONCLUSION: The low rate of lifestyle advice reported by patients implies that more preventive advice could be provided in primary care.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Second reading of screening mammograms increases cancer detection and recall rates. Results in the Florence screening programme.

OBJECTIVE: To assess double reading effectiveness in mammography screening. DESIGN: Retrospective study of 177,631 consecutive mammograms double read during 1998-2003. SETTING: The Florence screening programme, involving 11 trained radiologists. Abnormalities reported by at least one reader prompted assessment. RESULTS: The referral rate was 2.89% for the first reader, 3.15% for the second reader, and 3.59% for either reader. Of 713 total cancers detected, 43 were suspected only by the second reader (6.4% relative, 0.024% increase in absolute detection rate) and had a lower stage compared to the first reader (pTis-pT1b = 65.7 versus 52.0%): 41 were reviewed and classified (error type) as "minimal sign" in six, and "screening error" in 35 cases, or as BI-RADS 3 in one, 4a in 20, 4b in 13, and 4c in three cases. The second reading cost was 2.70 per woman examined, or 11,168 per additional cancer detected (versus 11,585 at a single reading). DISCUSSION: Second reading is effective in detecting a limited number of additional cancer cases. Tumour stage (one-third over 1 cm in diameter) and review findings (high rate of "screening errors" and BI-RADS R4b-c categories) suggest that second reading detects small "difficult cases" as well as larger cancers missed due to fatigue or loss of attention. Second reading reduces screening specificity to a minor extent, and since cancer detection at second reading seems cost-effective the procedure is recommendable in routine practice.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Screen-film mammography versus full-field digital mammography with soft-copy reading: randomized trial in a population-based screening program--the Oslo II Study.

PURPOSE: To prospectively compare cancer detection rates, recall rates, and positive predictive values at screen-film mammography (SFM) with those at full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with soft-copy reading in a population-based screening program in Norway. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 43,429 women invited, 25,263 women aged 45-69 years attended the screening program and were randomized, with adjustments for age and area of residence, to undergo SFM or FFDM. Two standard views of each breast were acquired. Independent double reading was performed with use of a five-point rating scale for probability of cancer. Recall rates, positive predictive values, and cancer detection rates were compared for two age groups (45-49 and 50-69 years) by using the chi(2) test. RESULTS: Overall, 73 cancers in 17,911 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.41%), compared with 41 cancers in 6,997 women at FFDM (detection rate, 0.59%; P =.06). In the group aged 50-69 years, 56 cancers in 10,304 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.54%), compared with 33 cancers in 3,985 at FFDM (detection rate, 0.83%); the difference in cancer detection rates approached significance (P =.053). In the group aged 45-49 years, 17 cancers in 7,607 women were detected at SFM (detection rate, 0.22%), compared with eight cancers in 3,012 at FFDM (detection rate, 0.27%). Recall rates in both age groups were significantly higher at FFDM than at SFM (P <.05), but positive predictive value was not significantly different. CONCLUSION: FFDM allowed a higher cancer detection rate than did SFM in the group aged 50-69, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The detection rate was nearly equal for the two modalities in the group aged 45-49. SFM and FFDM with soft-copy reading are comparable techniques for population-based screening mammography programs.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Screening mammograms: interpretation with computer-aided detection--prospective evaluation.

PURPOSE: To prospectively determine the effect of a commercially available computer-aided detection (CAD) system on interpretations of screening mammograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was granted; informed consent and HIPAA compliance were waived. A total of 21 349 screening mammograms obtained in 18 096 women were interpreted first without and then with review of CAD images to determine the effect of CAD analysis on the screening breast cancer detection rate, recall rate, and positive predictive value (PPV) for biopsy. The percentage of total cancers detected by the radiologists independent of CAD and the percentage correctly marked by the CAD system were determined. RESULTS: On the basis of pre-CAD interpretations, 2101 patients were recalled for diagnostic evaluation, 256 biopsies were performed, and 105 breast cancers were diagnosed. The breast cancer detection rate per 1000 screening mammograms was 4.92 (105 of 21 349 mammograms), the recall rate was 9.84% (2101 of 21 349 mammograms), and the PPV for biopsy was 41.0% (105 of 256 biopsies). After CAD image review, 199 additional patients were recalled, 21 additional biopsies were performed, and eight additional cancers were detected. The effect was a 7.62% (eight of 105) increase in the number of breast cancers detected, an increase in the recall rate to 10.77% (2300 of 21 349 mammograms), and a slight decrease in the PPV to 40.8% (113 of 277 biopsies). Radiologists detected 92.9% (105 of 113 cancers) of the total cancers, and CAD correctly marked 76.1% (86 of 113 cancers). CONCLUSION: The use of CAD improved the detection of breast cancer, with an acceptable increase in the recall rate and a minimal increase in the number of biopsies with benign results.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Extraction of protein interaction information from unstructured text using a context-free grammar.

MOTIVATION: As research into disease pathology and cellular function continues to generate vast amounts of data pertaining to protein, gene and small molecule (PGSM) interactions, there exists a critical need to capture these results in structured formats allowing for computational analysis. Although many efforts have been made to create databases that store this information in computer readable form, populating these sources largely requires a manual process of interpreting and extracting interaction relationships from the biological research literature. Being able to efficiently and accurately automate the extraction of interactions from unstructured text, would greatly improve the content of these databases and provide a method for managing the continued growth of new literature being published. RESULTS: In this paper, we describe a system for extracting PGSM interactions from unstructured text. By utilizing a lexical analyzer and context free grammar (CFG), we demonstrate that efficient parsers can be constructed for extracting these relationships from natural language with high rates of recall and precision. Our results show that this technique achieved a recall rate of 83.5% and a precision rate of 93.1% for recognizing PGSM names and a recall rate of 63.9% and a precision rate of 70.2% for extracting interactions between these entities. In contrast to other published techniques, the use of a CFG significantly reduces the complexities of natural language processing by focusing on domain specific structure as opposed to analyzing the semantics of a given language. Additionally, our approach provides a level of abstraction for adding new rules for extracting other types of biological relationships beyond PGSM relationships. AVAILABILITY: The program and corpus are available by request from the authors.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1996

The value of the second view in screening mammography.

A prospective study of 33,734 women was undertaken during the prevalent round of the UK National Breast Screening Programme. The cancer detection rates and recall rates were compared between a one view and a two view technique. In one fifth of the women, only the single oblique view examination was read. To lose the bias that would have been introduced by the prior knowledge that a second view would be available, the radiologists reading the oblique view did not know whether or not a craniocaudal view would subsequently be available. Readings were available from two radiologists in each case. The cancer detection rate increased from 7.6 per thousand to 8.2 per thousand women screened, with 14 more cancers detected with the two view technique. This represents 6.5% of all screen detected cancers (95% CI 3.2-9.8). The recall rate was reduced from 8.8% to 6.6% by the second view (p < 0.001). There was a significantly higher biopsy rate in the two view group (10.6/1000 versus 8.6/1000) (p = 0.004). This higher biopsy rate is part of the price paid for the higher detection rate. The additional tumours included small invasive cancers. The National Health Service (NHS) cost of each additional cancer diagnosed was 4129 pounds and the NHS plus private cost was 2742 pounds. These findings have practical applications for the National Breast Screening Programme. There would be resource implications on routinely applying two view screening to the prevalent round, but even greater costs if applied to the incident screening round.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Screening for breast cancer.

CONTEXT: Breast cancer screening in community practices may be different from that in randomized controlled trials. New screening modalities are becoming available. OBJECTIVES: To review breast cancer screening, especially in the community and to examine evidence about new screening modalities. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: English-language articles of randomized controlled trials assessing effectiveness of breast cancer screening were reviewed, as well as meta-analyses, systematic reviews, studies of breast cancer screening in the community, and guidelines. Also, studies of newer screening modalities were assessed. DATA SYNTHESIS: All major US medical organizations recommend screening mammography for women aged 40 years and older. Screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality by about 20% to 35% in women aged 50 to 69 years and slightly less in women aged 40 to 49 years at 14 years of follow-up. Approximately 95% of women with abnormalities on screening mammograms do not have breast cancer with variability based on such factors as age of the woman and assessment category assigned by the radiologist. Studies comparing full-field digital mammography to screen film have not shown statistically significant differences in cancer detection while the impact on recall rates (percentage of screening mammograms considered to have positive results) was unclear. One study suggested that computer-aided detection increases cancer detection rates and recall rates while a second larger study did not find any significant differences. Screening clinical breast examination detects some cancers missed by mammography, but the sensitivity reported in the community is lower (28% to 36%) than in randomized trials (about 54%). Breast self-examination has not been shown to be effective in reducing breast cancer mortality, but it does increase the number of breast biopsies performed because of false-positives. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are being studied for screening women at high risk for breast cancer but are not recommended for screening the general population. Sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging in high-risk women has been found to be much higher than that of mammography but specificity is generally lower. Effect of the magnetic resonance imaging on breast cancer mortality is not known. A balanced discussion of possible benefits and harms of screening should be undertaken with each woman. CONCLUSIONS: In the community, mammography remains the main screening tool while the effectiveness of clinical breast examination and self-examination are less. New screening modalities are unlikely to replace mammography in the near future for screening the general population.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of the costs of mammographic screening program in the city of Florence].

This paper investigated differential direct costs determined by the difference between implementation of mammographic screening program for breast cancer detection in the city of Florence (PFD) and the "absence" of the PFD. The involved resources have been identified, quantified and evaluated. The results of the I round (1991/92) of the PFD involve the following different phases: invitations, mass screening, diagnostic assessment. Differential net costs aumonted to 780 million for total cost, and to 53,000 per screened woman. The PFD invited 27,325 women per year; at the I round, the PFD registered an attendance rate of 53.9% and a recall rate of 4.3%, with a total cost of about one thousand million and a cost per screened woman of about L. 64,000. Instead, economic results of alternative "absence" of screening registered a total cost of 170 million and a cost per screened woman of about L. 100,000. Costs for detected cancer amount about to 8.2 million for PFD and 5.7 million for "absence" of the Program. Sensitivity analysis has been performed texting the fundamental parameters of the PFD: attendance rate, recall rate and life time average of the investiments. The sensitivity analysis, performed on the PFD, registered a variation of total cost from 859 million to 1,216 million and a variation of the total cost per woman screened from L. 43,500 to L. 80,000. Sensitivity analysis results highlighted the fundamental role played by women's attendance and by the percentage of women recalled for diagnostic assessment.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rates of recall for thorough examination and surgical biopsy following mammographic screening. Experience with the screening program in Florence].

The authors evaluate the recall and biopsy rates during three years of mammographic screening. Recalls (373/25970 = 1.4%) were more frequent at the first (2.3%) than at subsequent screening rounds (1.2%) whereas the predictive value for cancer increased at further screening (11.7 vs 21.7%). Recalls are less frequent in older women, particularly at further screening (40-49 vs 50-59 vs 60-70: 1.7 vs 1.1 vs 0.9%) whereas predictive value is higher (14.8 vs 16.5 vs 36.5%). The presence of mammographic abnormalities accounts for the majority of recalls (1.3%) whereas subjective symptoms other than pain are a less frequent cause of recall (0.2%) although as predictive (22.7 vs 20.4%). Calls for biopsy were limited to cases with suspicion for cancer and this allowed a low biopsy rate (75 = 0.3%) and a high predictive value (92%). The observed results have greatly improved with respect to the past years, due to a higher specificity of recall criteria and to the systematic use of all modern tests (high frequency US, fine-needle aspiration cytology, either manual or US-guided or stereotaxic) at the time of diagnostic assessment. All screening programs, particularly the new ones, should monitor recall and biopsy rates and predictive values as they are indicators of efficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Imagery rating and recall in congenitally blind subjects.

Imagery ratings, incidental free recall, and intentional free recall of a group of young congenitally blind adults living in an institute for the blind and of control group were compared. Words to be rated and recalled belonged to three categories: (a) high-imagery words whose referents can be sensorially experienced also by the blind; (b) high-imagery words whose referents cannot be experienced; and (c) low-imagery words. In the control group, both ratings of imagery and recall were affected by the category to which the word belonged. For the blind group the category of the word affected only the ratings of imagery which still assumed a peculiar form since words in category b received extremely low ratings. It is concluded that the blind can evaluate the imagery value of a word, but that their recall is not affected by the level of its imagery value. Therefore, the imagery value really seems to describe, as Paivio asserts, the susceptibility of an item to being coded in a specific visuo-imaginal way, which is more available for sighted than for blind people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Rethinking speed theories of cognitive development. Increasing the rate of recall without affecting accuracy.

Researchers have suggested that developmental improvements in immediate recall stem from increases in the speed of mental processes. However, that inference has depended on evidence from correlation, regression, and structural equation modeling. We provide counter-examples in two experiments in which the speed of spoken recall was manipulated. In one experiment, second-grade children and adults recalled lists of digits more quickly than usual when the lists were presented at a rapid rate of two items per second. In a second experiment, children received lists at a rate of one item per second; half the children were trained (successfully) to speak their responses more quickly than usual, at a rate similar to adults' usual rate. Recall accuracy was completely unaffected by either of these response-speed manipulations. Thus, although response rate is a strong marker of an individual's maturational level, it does not appear to determine the accuracy of immediate recall. These results have important methodological and theoretical implications for human development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) among Filipino newborn infants. Philippine Newborn Screening Study Group.

From June 1996 to June 1998 a total of 62.841 newborn infants were screened for congenital hypothyroidism with thyroid stimulating hormone assay as a primary test. The method used was an immunofluorescent assay using the DELFIA TSH Kit on dried blood specimens collected by heelprick on filter paper. All infants with TSH values greater than 20 microU/ml were retested. If the results remained abnormally high, confirmatory testing was done by radioimmunoassay. All infants who were confirmed to be hypothyroid were referred to pediatric endocrinologists for initial management. The overall weighted incidence of congenital hypothyroidism obtained in this study was 0.000277 (95% CI; 0.000122 - 0.000432) or 1:3,610 which may be higher than that reported by most screening programs worldwide. The recall rate was 0.16%. The higher recall rate may be explained by early testing in a number of cases and by the possibility of iodine deficiency in some of the mothers. On the basis of the results of this study, we would recommend (1) screening on a greater number of infants to verify the incidence of CH and (2) establishing normal TSH values at different hours of life to improve our recall rate.

Congenital Hypothyroidism↗