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PubMed1988

Evolution of coccidial infection in commercial and domestic rabbits between 1982 and 1986.

Caecal samples were collected from 751 domestic rabbits of various origin and from 1229 diarrhoeic rabbits issued from 61 commercial rabbitries. They were screened for coccidiosis. In 1982, the year of introduction of the anticoccidial robenidine in commercial rabbit feeds, a dramatic decrease of coccidial infection ratio was detected in commercial rabbitries: only 6% of samples contained greater than 100 oocysts per gram against 85% in 1979, when sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine was used. Only Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were detected, whereas the highly pathogenic species E. flavescens and E. intestinalis had disappeared from commercial units. After 4 years of continuous use of robenidine, infection ratio rose progressively, although still far below the 1979 levels. Most of the other species reappeared, but only in very low proportions (1-4% of samples). The percentage occurrence of E. magna, E. media and E. perforans on the contrary rose progressively to 25, 26 and 34%, respectively, suggesting drug resistance. In domestic rabbitries, the incidence of coccidial infection was markedly higher and all nine species of Eimeria were detected. Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were very common, E. flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. piriformis and E. stiedai were less common, whereas E. irresidua and E. coecicola were relatively rare. Notwithstanding the lower activity of robenidine against E. stiedai, no rise of hepatic coccidiosis became evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Further studies on the use of chicken embryo infections for the study of drug resistance in Eimeria tenella.

Infections in the chicken embryo have been used to study the development of drug resistance in an embryo adapted strain of E. tenella. Resistance was developed to decoquinate, clopidol and robenidine by serially passaging this strain, but evidence for the development of resistance to amprolium was inconclusive. Resistance to decoquinate developed more readily than to the other drugs. Attempts to increase resistance to clopidol, robenidine and amprolium by increasing the sporozoite inoculum and by the use of a mutagenic agent were unsuccesful. No cross-resistance was found between the 4 drugs. Drug resistant lines of the Houghton strain (H) of E. tenella, made resistant to the 4 anticoccidial drugs by passage in chickens, were found to be resistant when evaluated using chicken embryo infections. Lines made resistant to decoquinate were not controlled by any concentration of this drug, suggesting that resistance, once developed, was absolute and not dependent on drug concentration. Lines made resistant to robenidine, clopidol and amprolium, however, were controlled by higher drug concentrations suggesting that in this case resistance was dependent on drug concentration.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1975

The development of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria maxima in the laboratory.

The development of strains of Eimeria maxima resistant to buquinolate, methyl benzoquate, clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline and robenidine is described. It was not possible to standardize a schedule of inoculations and drug administration, which would enable the development of resistance to the different drugs to be compared directly. Resistance developed most readily to the quinolones. One robenidine-resistant strain proved to be drug-dependent. Dinitolmide showed unusual effects upon sporogony and three attempts to develop resistance against this activity failed. Chicks previously immunized with the parent strain were completely protected against infection with the drug-resistant strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Relationship between monensin and sulphur amino acid requirements in broiler chickens.

1. Diets containing 80, 100, 125, 150, 175 or 200 mg monensin/kg were fed to broiler chickens from 0 to 28 d in cages that prevented access to excreta. 2. Growth was depressed with 125 mg monensin or more/kg and food intake tended to decrease. Feathering was adversely affected with 175 mg or more/kg. 3. In a similar experiment, diets containing 8.8, 9.1, 9.4, 9.7 and 10.1 g total sulphur amino acids (SAA)/kg were supplemented with 125 or 80 mg monensin/kg and compared with a diet containing 8.8 g SAA and 33 mg robenidie/kg. 4. With 125 mg monensin/kg, body-weight gain was significantly less than that of birds receiving robenidine if dietary SAA content was 9.4 g or less/kg. With 9.7 g SAA or more/kg, gain in birds receiving monensin was similar to that of birds receiving robenidine. 5. Monensin at 125 mg/kg therefore appears to increase SAA requirement.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMed1996

Sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 932 to selected anticoccidial drugs in broiler chicks.

The ability of selected anticoccidial drugs to inhibit the colonization of day-old male broiler chicks (Cornish Rocks) by Escherichia coli O157:H7, strain 932 was examined. Chicks were challenged with 1.8 x 10(9) E. coli O157:H7 on Day 1, and fed diets supplemented with three selected anticoccidial drugs; monensin, nicarbazin, or robenidine. The cecal and colon fecal contents of the chicks were removed on Day 7, 14, and 21 postinoculation and examined for the concentration of E. coli O157: H7 per gram of contents. Monensin effectively reduced cecal and colon colonization of the chicks by E. coli O157:H7. By Day 7, there were significant reductions in the bacterial population of the cecal contents of chicks receiving the monensin-medicated feed, and by Day 21 no E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the cecal and colon contents. The bacterial counts in the colon contents of the nicarbazin- and robenidine-medicated and unmedicated chicks were significantly higher than the monensin-treated chicks. Bacterial populations in the colon contents were high only when there were high bacterial concentrations in the cecal contents.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Fetotoxicity of some anticoccidial drugs in chickens.

Fetotoxic effects induced by three anticoccidial drugs: robenidine, salinomycin and arprinocid were elucidated in the chicken. Different doses of these drugs were inoculated in groups of embryonated chicken eggs by the yolk sac route. After inoculation, candling of the eggs was performed daily and embryonic or fetal mortalities were recorded. At 19 days old, alive fetuses were collected, weighed, measured and examined morphologically for abnormalities. A group of eggs was kept non-inoculated as a control and another was inoculated with the solvent of the tested drugs. Inoculation of 0.09-9.75 mg robenidine/egg, 0.06-6.75 mg salinomycin/egg or 0.08-8.25 mg arprinocid/egg into the yolk sac of 7 days old embryos caused a dose-dependent fetal death. Arprinocid was the most lethal to chicken fetuses, followed by salinomycin while robenidine was the least. Dead fetuses were usually haemorrhagic, dwarfish and friable. Surviving fetuses showed a dose-dependent reduction in body weight and length, insignificant decrease in leg and wing lengths as well as some developmental abnormalities.

Adenine↗
PubMed1978

[Effectiveness of a number of anticoccidial agents. A brief survey taken in the field (author's transl)].

A floor pen trial was carried out on broilers in 1975 to compare the anticoccidial efficacy of monensin1), 3,5 dinitro-o-toluamide2), clopidol3), amprolium + ethopabacte4), amprolium + ethopabate + sulfaquinoxaline + pyrimethamine5) and robenidine6) in the presence of untreated controls. 4,200 Hybro chicks were distributed over twenty-eight pens, each initially housing 150 birds. Four pen replicates were allocated to each of the seven treatments. With the exception of robenidine, all agents used resulted in a statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) gain in final weight compared with the untreated controls. The feed conversion rate showed significant (P less than or equal to 0,05) improvement in the groups treated with monensin, robenidine, amprolium + ethopabate.

Amprolium↗
PubMed1979

Eimeria tenella: anticoccidial action of drugs in birds with surgically closed ceca.

Surgical ligation of chick ceca was used to study the role of absorption and extraintestinal transport in the action of anticoccidial drugs. The administration of drugs in the feed was started after ligation of one of the paried ceca. Birds were inoculated orally with oocysts of Eimeria tenella before cecal ligation or were given bilateral cecal injections of sporozoites after ligation. Cecal lesions caused by the coccidia were evaluated and compared on day 6 postinoculation. Lesions in ligated and unligated ceca were reduced by feeding robenidine (33 ppm), arprinocid (70 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), aklomide (250 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), monensin (120 ppm), salinomycin (60 ppm), and lasalocid (75 ppm). The lesions were more severe in the ligated cecum than in the intact cecum, whether in nonmedicated or medicated birds, but the differences were statistically significant only upon treatment with amprolium, aklomide, robenidine, and clopidol. Generally, however, all drugs except amprolium, significantly reduced the lesions in the ligated cecum in comparison with the control, nonmedicated ligated cecum. Therefore, we concluded that the systemic absorption of most anticoccidial drugs contributes significantly to their efficacy against coccidia in the intestinal mucosa.

Absorption↗