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PubMed2000

Metastatic bone pain. Meanings associated with self-report and self-management decision making.

Patients with cancer and bone metastases are vulnerable to severe pain, especially when changing their body position, and many such persons die with unrelieved pain. One step in obtaining acceptable pain control is communicating one's pain to health care providers. This descriptive study aimed to depict possible gender differences in the meaning of pain in the context of pain self-report and self-management decision making for 10 men and 10 women with cancer and bone metastasis. No clear gender differences were found in the narrative data obtained during semistructured interviews. Both men and women equated pain with cancer recurrence. Pain interfered with work, social activities, and relationships. Most participants preferred not to tell others, even health care providers, about their pain. More than one half of the 20 participants did not take pain medications on schedules recommended by physicians. The study findings provide oncology nurses with direction for education related to pain management for persons with metastatic bone pain and their family members. Further research with a larger sample is needed to clarify how to overcome barriers to better pain management in this population.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1984

Do alcoholics give valid self-reports?

Self-reports on drinking among alcoholics (100 men inpatients) were compared with descriptions of their consumption given by collaterals (one friend or relative each) at 10 points during an 18-month follow-up study. The correlations between the two were only moderate; barely one-half of the variance in the alcoholics' self-reports corresponded to the collaterals' assessments. Patients underestimated collaterals' descriptions about three times as often as they overestimated them, but their over- and underestimations appeared to be of roughly equal size. The relationships between alcoholics' and collaterals' reports tended to be curvilinear. Among subjects whom the collaterals had described as abstinent or controlled drinkers, patients' and collaterals' assessments were similar but patients' descriptions grossly underestimated collaterals' reports when uncontrolled consumption was reported by the latter. The results support a moratorium on the use of patients' self-reports in follow-up studies on alcohol consumption.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Self-reported versus behavioral self-handicapping: empirical evidence for a theoretical distinction.

The present study was an investigation of how Ss would respond when given 2 self-handicapping options, 1 behavioral (withdrawal of practice effort) and 1 self-reported (reporting high levels of stress). Ss anticipating a diagnostic test of intellectual ability were given different instructions regarding the effects of stress and practice on test performance. Ss were told that (a) stress only, (b) practice only, (c) both stress and practice, or (d) neither stress nor practice affected test scores. Ss were then given the opportunity to self-report a handicap on a stress inventory and to behaviorally self-handicap by failing to practice before the test. High self-handicapping men and women showed evidence of self-reported handicapping, but only high self-handicapping men behaviorally self-handicapped. However, when both self-handicaps were viable, both high self-handicapping men and women preferred the self-reported over the behavioral self-handicap.

Achievement↗

PubMed1992

Reality testing and self-reported AIDS self-care behavior.

This investigation examined the relationship between reality testing and AIDS self-care behavior for 509 urban college students. It was hypothesized that reality testing may become impaired in sexual interactions that carry the risk of HIV infection, leading to imperfect adoption of safer sex practices. Reality testing, measured by the Bell Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, was significantly related to AIDS knowledge as measured by the AIDS Prevention Survey of Thomas and not significantly related to self-reported safer sex behavior, measured by Bassman's HIV Infection Prevention Scale.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2001

Self-reported competencies and problems among Swedish adolescents: a normative study of the YSR. Youth Self Report.

The aim of the study was to provide a standardisation of self-reported competencies and emotional/behavioural problems among Swedish adolescents, using the Youth Self-Report (YSR). The YSR was completed by 2522 adolescents aged 13-18 years, recruited from secondary and upper secondary schools in different regions in Sweden. The results showed that effects of gender and age were small but significant with girls scoring higher than boys on most problem scales, and 15- to 16-year-olds scoring higher than younger and older adolescents on the problem scales. Small effects were also found for residence as well as for parental SES. The correlations between internalising and externalising problems were 0.51 for boys and 0.49 for girls, whereas the correlation between competence and problem scores was low. We conclude that the individual variation in YSR-scores is much greater than can be attributed to factors such as gender, age, SES, or residential area. Consequently, the YSR has the potential to serve as an instrument for assessing individual adolescents' self-reported competencies and problems in Sweden. Given the almost orthogonal relation between self-reported competencies and problems, the competence scale is surprisingly little used in psychopathology research.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Wrist actigraph versus self-report in normal sleepers: sleep schedule adherence and self-report validity.

This study compared the accuracy of reporting adherence to sleep instructions in participants who were informed that adherence would be verified with an actigraph (aware group) to participants not informed the actigraph would be used to assess adherence (unaware of group). Participants were college students (N = 68), who were screened for psychiatric or sleep disorders or extremes in circadian tendency. The UG had later actigraph estimates of bedtime than the AG, but the two groups did not differ on their self-report of adherence to the sleep rules. Only the UG had later actigraphic estimates of bedtimes that violated the sleep rules. These findings have implications for the accuracy of sleep diary self-reports as well as for the use of actigraphs in studies requiring people to follow specific sleep schedule instructions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: negative affectivity and the utility of self-reports.

Self-reported depression and anxiety were examined in 233 inpatient children diagnosed with either an anxiety disorder or a depressive disorder. Depressed children reported more problems related to a loss of interest and low motivation, and they had a more negative view of themselves. Anxious children reported more worry about the future, their well-being, and the reactions of others. The groups did not differ in the degree of depressed affect reported in terms of being sad, lethargic, bothered by things, or feeling alone and isolated. These findings suggest that a general negative affectivity component is common to both anxiety and depression disorders and measures. The results demonstrate that anxiety and depression in children have distinguishing features that can be measured by common self-report instruments, and the findings indicate that 1 factor that may distinguish between anxiety and depression in children is positive affectivity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Depressive symptoms by self-report in adolescence: phase I of the development of a questionnaire for depression by self-report.

As the first step in validating a criteria-based, self-report depression questionnaire specifically for children and adolescents and to determine the prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms, we studied 3,294 high school students of mixed ethnic background in a large urban school district. They completed the Weinberg Screening Affective Scale. The 21-item Beck Depression Inventory was also completed to allow comparison with a previous study. The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms suggesting depression by self-report ranged from 18% on the Beck Depression Inventory to 13% on the Weinberg Screening Affective Scale. Hispanic females had the highest scores, while white males had the lowest. Being behind in school, female, and nonwhite predicted more self-reported depressive symptoms.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Self-reported competencies and problems among Swedish girls with eating disorders and a control sample, using the youth self-report.

OBJECTIVE: To study self-reported competencies and problems in adolescent girls with eating disorders, anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) compared to matched normal controls. METHOD: The Youth Self-Report (YSR) was completed by 211 girls between 13 and 17 years of age with eating disorders and 211 controls matched for age, sex, and geographical area. RESULTS: Girls with eating disorders scored lower on all competence scales and higher on most problem 'scales compared to controls. Type of diagnosis had no effect on competence scales, but BN-patients scored higher than AN- and EDNOS-patients on many problem scales. AN-bingers/purgers reported more problems than restrictors on somatic complaints, delinquent behaviour, and the externalizing dimension. DISCUSSION: We conclude that the YSR gives important information concerning self-reported competencies and concomitant symptoms of general psychopathology in eating disordered adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Determining empirically based self-reported cognitive change: development of reliable change indices and standardized regression-based change norms for the multiple abilities self-report questionnaire in an epilepsy sample.

PURPOSE: Reliable change indices (RCIs) and standardized regression-based (SRB) change score norms were calculated for a measure of self-reported cognitive function, the Multiple Abilities Self-Report Questionnaire (MASQ), in patients with complex partial seizures. Establishment of such standardized change scores could be useful in determining the magnitude and direction of self-appraised cognitive change after epilepsy surgery or other treatment interventions. The primary study objective was to calculate RCI and SRB values for the MASQ. A secondary objective was to report SRB change scores in patients who had undergone anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) and to assess relationships between self-reported cognitive change, seizure outcome, objective memory test performance, and mood. METHODS: The MASQ was administered to 36 patients with complex partial seizures on two occasions (mean test-retest interval, 6 months). This group did not have major psychopathology and were on stable antiepileptic drugs. RCI and SRB change scores were calculated. Adjustments for baseline ratings, age, education, gender, age at seizure onset, and seizure duration were made with the SRB method. A confidence interval cutoff score (90% level) was calculated for the five MASQ cognitive domains (Language, Visual Perception, Verbal Memory, Visual-Spatial Memory, Attention/Concentration). MASQ SRB scores were computed for a second sample of 50 patients who had undergone ATL. RESULTS: Test-retest reliabilities for the MASQ domains ranged from a low of 0.63 (Attention/Concentration) to a high of 0.87 (total score). Baseline MASQ score was the single largest contributor to the regression equations. Left and right ATL groups demonstrated similar magnitudes of self-reported cognitive change across all five MASQ domains. Individual base rate change distributions were similar across four of the five domains. with a higher proportion of right ATL patients reporting worsening attention function. Both postoperative mood and SRB-based verbal memory outcome were significantly correlated to self-reported cognitive change in the patients who had undergone ATL. CONCLUSIONS: SRB methodology provides a standardized technique with which to establish patient perception of cognitive change and may be of use when examining change across individual- and group-level ratings of cognitive functioning in clinical and research settings. These techniques also provide a common metric for direct comparison between subjective self-report ratings of cognitive function and objective cognitive test instruments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Self-reports and general practitioner information on the presence of chronic diseases in community dwelling elderly. A study on the accuracy of patients' self-reports and on determinants of inaccuracy.

OBJECT: The object of the study is to investigate the (in)accuracy of patients' self-reports, as compared with general practitioners' information, regarding the presence of specific chronic diseases, and the influence of patient characteristics. METHODS: Questionnaire data of 2380 community-dwelling elderly patients, aged 55-85 years, on the presence of chronic non-specific lung disease, cardiac disease, peripheral atherosclerosis, stroke, diabetes, malignancies, and osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis were compared with data from the general practitioners, using the kappa-statistic. Associations between the accuracy of self-reports and patient characteristics were studied by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Kappa's ranged from 0.30 to 0.40 for osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis, to 0.85 for diabetes mellitus. In the multivariate analyses, educational level, level of urbanization, deviations in cognitive function, and depressive symptomatology had no influence on the level of accuracy. An influence of gender, age, mobility limitations, and recent contact with the general practitioner was shown for specific diseases. For chronic non-specific lung disease, both "underreporting" and "overreporting" are more prevalent in males, compared to females. Furthermore, males tend to overreport stroke and underreport malignancies and arthritis, whereas females tend to overreport malignancies and arthritis. Both overreporting and underreporting of cardiac disease are more prevalent as people are older. Also, older age is associated with overreporting of stroke, and with underreporting of arthritis. The self-reported presence of mobility limitations is associated with overreporting of all specific diseases studied, except for diabetes mellitus, and its absence is associated with underreporting, except for diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Recent contact with the general practitioner is associated with overreporting of cardiac disease, atherosclerosis, malignancies and arthritis, and with less frequent underreporting of diabetes and arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that patients' self-reports on selected chronic diseases are fairly accurate, with the exceptions of atherosclerosis and arthritis. The associations found with certain patient characteristics may be explained by the tendency of patients to label symptoms, denial by the patient, or inaccuracy of medical records.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of obesity on self-reports of dietary intake in adult females.

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of self-reported 24-h dietary recalls of overweight and normal-weight adults. Forty female college students (21 overweight, 19 normal weight) consumed a lunch meal at the university cafeteria while being unobtrusively observed. The following day subjects returned to the lab and completed a 24-h recall of their food intake. Accuracy of recalls was assessed by comparing directly observed intake with self-reported intake. Correlated t tests comparing observed and reported intake found a significant amount of overreporting of consumption for the entire sample. When analyses were conducted on individual groups (normal weight vs overweight), no between-group differences were found. A series of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) (normal weight vs overweight) and a multivariate ANOVA were performed for total calories, nutrients, and the amount of over- and underreporting. No significant differences between groups were observed.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reliability of homeless women's reports: concordance between hair assay and self report of cocaine use.

BACKGROUND: To assess the concordance of homeless women's self-reported drug use with objective data. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether objective data (e.g., hair assays) are necessary supplements to self reports in assessing homeless women's cocaine use. METHOD: Self reports of cocaine use by 1,037 homeless women were compared to objective data based on radioimmunoassay of hair; independent correlates of cocaine use and underreporting were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Forty-two percent of the women self-reported cocaine use in the past 6 months, whereas 49% had positive hair assays. Over 25% underreported cocaine use; however, underreporting decreased as hair cocaine levels increased. Predictors of underreporting included being Latino, younger and living primarily in shelters. Nevertheless, independent predictors of self-reported cocaine use and positive hair assays were identical. CONCLUSION: Homeless women's self-reports of cocaine use are fairly accurate. Objective data are particularly critical for assessing cocaine use among subgroups who are fearful of sanctions or use cocaine relatively infrequently or in smaller amounts.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Self-reported prevalence of venous diseases in the general population of Austria--results of the SERMO (Self-Reported Morbidity) Study.

Venous diseases are common in Western societies, their causes, however, have remained largely unknown. The prevalence of venous diseases in the general population of Austria was assessed, and information on the background morbidity of venous diseases obtained from the data base of the SERMO study (Self-Reported Morbidity Study). The SERMO study consists of 9 representative population surveys conducted between December 1994 and December 1995; the study aimed at describing and monitoring the characteristics of background morbidity in the Austrian population. 5.9% of the sample reported to suffer from venous diseases (vein varicosis, phlebitis, vein thrombosis) in 1995; the point prevalence was 4.1%. The prevalence rate of chronic vascular disorders of the lower extremities was 5.9%. The prevalence of venous diseases is much higher among women than men. Advanced age is as much a risk factor for venous diseases as is low education. This study has shown that persons suffering from venous diseases, especially those advanced in age, suffer more often from concomitant diseases and disorders than others. In addition to clinical and mortality data, self-reported morbidity data provide important information on the health of a general population. Persons above 60 years of age are expected to constitute one third of the entire Austrian population by the year 2030. With this anticipated demographic development in view, the need for long-term prevention plans of chronic venous diseases appears to be of particular importance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Self-reports of mathematics self-concept and educational outcomes: the roles of ego-dimensions and self-consciousness.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for research to (a) explore more fully the academic outcomes that follow from under-/over-rating of self-concept and (b) identify factors that predict the nature of self-reports of self-concept as well as under- and over-rating of this self-concept. AIMS: The study examines the link between students' self-appraisals of both mathematics self-concept and under-/over-rating of this self-concept and educational outcomes in mathematics such as achievement and motivation (future plans for mathematics). Ego-dimensions (ego-orientation and competence-valuation) and public self-consciousness were examined as two factors that might contribute to predicting these self-appraisals. SAMPLE: Findings are drawn from a sample of 382 male and female high school students ranging in age from 14 to 16 years. METHODS: Students responded to a questionnaire (at Time 1) that assessed self-concept, motivation orientation, competence-valuation, self-consciousness, and mathematics motivation. Teachers rated each student using a brief mathematics self-concept scale. RESULTS: Higher mathematics self-concept and over-rating of this self-concept were predictive of higher levels of mathematics motivation and later mathematics achievement (Time 2). Findings also indicate that ego-orientation and competence-valuation are positively associated with mathematics self-concept and over-rating, whilst public self-consciousness negatively predicts mathematics self-concept and is also associated with a tendency to under-rate oneself in this domain.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Self-reported health care self-care needs of transition-age youth: a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the self-reported health care self-care needs and skills of transition-aged youth referred for transition services. Data were obtained from California Healthy and Ready to Work Transition Assessment Tool through a retrospective chart review. Yes, no, and with assistance responses were rank ordered according to the sample and subgroupings of youth. Of the items, 30% were answered affirmatively by 80% or more of respondents. Nearly 20% of the items were answered as "no" by respondents. A few items were answered "with assistance" by less than 30% of respondents. Data were rank ordered according to diagnostic group. The cancer group (n=8) reported 100% "yes" responses to 12 items, compared with 2 for the developmental disabilities group (n=7) and none for the "other" group (n=10). Eight of the domains had Kuder-Richardson levels >0.60 [correction]. Spearman nonparametric correlation analyses were conducted among individual questions of the six domains with low Kuder-Richardson levels (<0.60) for further analysis and to assess the problem items. Findings revealed youth with developmental disabilities had significantly higher numbers of "no" responses in nine domains than youth with cancer [correction]. Groups were compared using domain-specific summary scores of youth with cancer diagnoses with those of youth with developmental disabilities to examine differences in level of skills. Findings revealed youth with developmental disabilities had significantly higher numbers of "no" responses in seven domains than youth with cancer. Findings revealed youth with cancer had significantly higher numbers of "yes" responses in six domains than youth with developmental disabilities. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Agreement between parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports of problem behavior.

Parents' reports and adolescents' self-reports of problem behaviors in 883 11-19-year-olds from the general population were compared. Correlations between both informants' CBCL syndrome scores ranged from 0.27 to 0.56. Adolescents reported many more problems than their parents did about them. Discrepancies were larger for externalizing than for internalizing problems, were larger for girls than for boys and increased with age. The findings indicated that adolescents, especially as they grow older, are indispensable informants on their own problem behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Development of a new self-report questionnaire to measure self esteem.

In constructing a new self-report questionnaire for measuring self esteem, the aim has been to satisfy psychometric requirements without sacrificing the intuitive meaning of the concept. Self esteem is seen as a composite, and examination of its components may have more analytic or predictive value than 'global' scores. Preliminary reliability and validity data are encouraging.

Adolescent↗