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PubMed1984

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 29/52/80, in Michigan.

Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 29/52/80, caused an outbreak of infections in Michigan over a period of two years and continues to be the most prevalent type seen. Of 3,752 isolates typed in 1980-81, 25 per cent were this phage type, which was strongly associated with methicillin resistance. Using this phage type as an indicator, we could demonstrate the spread of methicillin resistant staphylococci from Detroit metropolitan hospitals to suburban and, to a lesser extent, to hospitals outside the Detroit area.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1980

Computer analysis of Staphylococcus aureus phage typing data from 1957 to 1975, citing epidemiological trends and natural evolution within the phage typing system.

Computer analysis of Staphylococcus aureus phage ty ping data collected for over 18 years in a large research hospital showed a drastic decrease in the number of hospital epidemic strains. Phage lysis patterns gradually modified from those of earlier years and were a reflection of changes within the S. aureus reservoir, and not within the typing phages, since the typing phages were used from stable lyophilized stocks. There was increasing cross-lysis of S. aureus strains by phages of lytic groups I, II, and III, such that this grouping was no longer epidemiologically valid. A 61% increase in unique strains occurred from the period 1957 to 1975. Disappearance of the widely recognized epidemic strains was followed by a proliferation of unique strains with individual phage patterns. These increased from 38% in the period 1957 to 1962 to 62% in the period 1969 to 1975, indicating a trend toward a "one patient-one strain" situation. Nontypable strains decreased in more recent years from 16% (1957 to 1975) to 7% in 1978, following introduction of phages 94, 96, 292, and D-11. Pandemic S. aureus strain 80/81 first appeared in this hospital in 1959, 5 years after it was first reported in the United States. Strain 80/81 disappeared from the hospital in 1963, partly due to the advent of methicillin.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1999

Genotyping of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus phage type 15 isolates by fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism analysis.

Fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (FAFLP) analysis was investigated for its ability to identify and subtype isolates of an epidemic methicillin-resistant phage type of Staphylococcus aureus, EMRSA-15. These isolates were also characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the coagulase gene and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). For FAFLP, DNA was double digested with restriction enzymes ApaI plus TaqI or EcoRI plus MseI. Site-specific adaptors were ligated to one or the other set of restriction fragments, and PCR amplification was carried out with adaptor-specific primers. Amplified fragments separated on an ABI 377 automated sequencer and analyzed with Genescan version 2.1 software generated FAFLP profiles for all the isolates. The presence or absence of fragments was scored, similarity coefficients were calculated, and UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmatic averages) cluster analysis was performed. Either enzyme-primer combination readily differentiated EMRSA-15 from other methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates and also revealed heterogeneity within the phage type. The discriminatory power of FAFLP was high. By combining both enzyme-primer data sets, 24 isolates were divided into 11 profiles. PCR-RFLP did not discriminate among these EMRSA-15 isolates. PFGE could discriminate well between isolates but was not as reproducible as FAFLP. All S. aureus and MRSA isolates in this study were typeable by FAFLP, which was easy to perform, robust, and reproducible, with evident potential to subtype MRSA for purposes of hospital infection control.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed1979

Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus phage type 92.

Methicillin-resistant (Mec(r)) strains of Staphylococcus aureus received for phage typing from several hospitals in New York City were resistant to the international set of typing phages but susceptible to experimental phage 92. Subsequently, strains of type 92 were detected in two outbreaks with Mec(r) strains in two other locations in the United States. In all instances, type 92 was predominant among the Mec(r) strains isolated in each hospital. With the exception of one strain, the methicillin resistance of the Mec(r) strains investigated was homogeneous. In most instances, isolates from the same hospital were closely similar in their antibiotic resistance patterns. The strains isolated in New York City could be divided into three groups by the host range of their lysogenic phages and by antigenic structure. Transduction experiments indicated that the transfer of chromosomal tetracycline resistance from Mec(r) strains into a strain susceptible to several international typing phages renders the latter nontypable. However, the acceptor strain remains susceptible to experimental phages 92 and 88. Transduction of methicillin resistance had no effect on the phage susceptibility of the acceptor strain. It is possible that the presence of chromosomal tetracycline resistance is a determining factor in the phage susceptibility of Mec(r) strains isolated in New York City.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed2000

Prophage, phiPV83-pro, carrying panton-valentine leukocidin genes, on the Staphylococcus aureus P83 chromosome: comparative analysis of the genome structures of phiPV83-pro, phiPVL, phi11, and other phages.

Staphylococcus aureus P83 has Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-like genes, lukM and lukF-PV. Here, lukM and lukF-PV genes were found on the genome of a prophage, which was designated as phiPV83-pro. The precise genome size was 45,636 bp with att core sequences of 10 base pairs. Sixty-four ORFs were identified on the phiPV83-pro genome, including two extra operons, lukM-lukF-PV and orfs63-64. The lukM-lukF-PV cluster was located 2.1 kb upstream of the attL site. The most striking feature of the phiPV83-pro genome was a constituent of at least 4 regions from phi11, phiPVL, and other phages, i.e., (i) att sites identical with those of phi11, (ii) a cos sequence and the genes encoding packaging and head proteins of phiPVL (occupied half region of phiPV83-pro), and (iii) the other two regions which showed no significant similarity with known phages (occupied about 40% of phiPV83-pro). Furthermore, two insertion sequences, ISSA1 and ISSA2 were integrated into attL site and orf44, respectively. PhiPV83-pro was not induced as phage particles from S. aureus P83 regardless of its treatment with mitomycin C. The insertion of ISSA1 into the attL site was one of the reasons of the failure of the induction of the phage particles by mitomycin C treatment of the strain P83.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

The effect of Staphylococcus aureus phage lysate vaccine on a rabbit model of staphylococcal blepharitis, phlyctenulosis, and catarrhal infiltrates.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus phage lysate (SPL) vaccination on the development of blepharitis, corneal phlyctenules, and catarrhal infiltrates and on the development of antibodies and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to S. aureus. METHODS: Eighty rabbits received an intradermal immunization of cell wall-complete Freund's adjuvant followed by a booster immunization. Rabbits were given topical applications of viable S. aureus in both eyes and 40 rabbits received subcutaneous SPL vaccinations. Clinical observations were made weekly. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure IgG, IgA, and IgM antibody levels to ribitol teichoic acid in sera, corneas, and tears. The delayed-type hypersensitivity response was evaluated by skin testing after subcutaneous injection of staphylococcal antigens. RESULTS: In the SPL-vaccinated group, phlyctenules developed in eight of 40 rabbits while blepharitis developed in 13 of 40. In the nonvaccinated group, phlyctenules developed in three of 40 rabbits and blepharitis developed in five of 40. The number of rabbits with blepharitis was significantly higher in the SPL-vaccinated group than in the nonvaccinated group. In general, the antibody response to ribitol teichoic acid was enhanced, while the delayed-type hypersensitivity response to S. aureus was depressed. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with SPL was not found to have a beneficial effect on the development of blepharitis, phlyctenules, and catarrhal infiltrates in our rabbit model.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

NUTRITIONAL MUTATIONS AND TRANSDUCTION BY ULTRAVIOLET-INACTIVATED PHAGE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

Carere, A., and Isabella Spada-Sermonti (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy). Nutritional mutations and transduction by ultraviolet-inactivated phage in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 88:226-232. 1964.-By use of a semisynthetic medium, various nutritional mutants of Staphylococcus aureus 80 were isolated. Most of them require purine derivatives. From their mutation pattern, it may be inferred that guanine can be converted to both guanilic and adenilic acid, and adenine to the latter only. Guanosine, hypoxanthine, and inosine appear to be intermediate in the synthesis of adenilic acid from exogenous guanine. Transduction of several nutritional markers was obtained by streaking phage 80 obtained from the donor strain onto selective media heavily seeded with the recipient strain. To prevent lysis, the phage was previously ultraviolet-inactivated.

Adenine↗
PubMed1980

Nosocomial scalded skin syndrome. Ritter's disease caused by phage group 3 Staphylococcus aureus.

Three cases of generalized exfoliative staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) were encountered during a 25-day period in a nursery for premature infants. A single strain of Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 42E/54/75 (group 3), was recovered from each of the three infants and from no others. Two of the three isolates were tested and both produced epidermolytic toxin (ET). Most cases of SSSS have been associated with phage group 2 strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nursery outbreak caused by a phage group 3 staphylococcus. It illustrates that ET production and not phage type distinguishes S aureus strains that are associated with SSSS.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1990

Staphylococcus aureus phage types in barrier-maintained colonies of SPF mice and rats.

From 1985 to 1987 within the framework of our health monitoring programme, the occurrence of S. aureus in our rodent colonies and their caretakers have been surveyed. To obtain further information on S. aureus subtypes, isolates were subjected to phage typing using the international set of bacteriophages. Strains derived from pathological processes but also randomly chosen isolates from healthy animal carriers and the personnel underwent lysotyping. With respect to the animals every hygienic unit harbours its characteristic S. aureus lysotype(s). Among these, usually one pattern dominates in pathological processes and healthy carriers, although the spectrum of phage types distributed among the caretakers shows a much greater variation and some of the attendants are suspected to be not only transient carriers. A comparison with an earlier investigation done in our institute about a decade ago (Lenz et al. 1978) shows the prevalence of completely different phage types.

Animals↗