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PubMed1992

Occupational dermatitis in the aircraft industry: 35 years of progress.

A comparison of the occupational dermatitis occurring in the same aircraft factory during 2 separate decades, 1955-1965 and 1981-1990, is presented. Subungual pulpitis is highly specific to this industry, because of the handling of resins and sealing agents. The number of cases dropped from 122 to 40, in accordance with progress in preventive medicine and technological changes in the factory. Irritant contact dermatitis nevertheless remained appreciable, while allergic contact dermatitis greatly decreased.

Aircraft↗
PubMed1992

Genome research: fulfilling the public's expectations for knowledge and commercialization.

This article provides a historical perspective for the patenting of gene sequences and describes the fundamentals and evolution of patent law. It summarizes federal technology transfer law and policy and assesses the impacts of patenting on academic research. The patentability of gene sequences is then considered along with potential impacts that published sequence data may have on obtaining patent protection for downstream products. Industry's position on gene patenting is summarized and perspectives from the emerging public record on these issues are presented. The article discussing points at which the filing of patent applications and the licensing of patents may be appropriate. It concludes that technology transfer policies for genome research must be adopted carefully so that they remain viable in a time of rapid technological change.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epidemiology of drug resistance: implications for a post-antimicrobial era.

In the last several years, the frequency and spectrum of antimicrobial-resistant infections have increased in both the hospital and the community. Certain infections that are essentially untreatable have begun to occur as epidemics both in the developing world and in institutional settings in the United States. The increasing frequency of drug resistance has been attributed to combinations of microbial characteristics, selective pressures of antimicrobial use, and societal and technologic changes that enhance the transmission of drug-resistant organisms. Antimicrobial resistance is resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health-care costs. Prevention and control of these infections will require new antimicrobial agents, prudent use of existing agents, new vaccines, and enhanced public health efforts to reduce transmission.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1975

People and work: some contemporary issues.

In advanced industrial societies social, economic, and technological changes are accompanied by changing values and attitudes to work, symptomatic of what some see as the transition to a post-industrial era. As a result existing job definitions and traditional forms of organization are being challenged and attempts made to restructure work so that it becomes meaningful and rewarding in the fullest sense, to the individual, to the enterprise, and to society. These range from programmes of job enlargement and job enrichment, within the framework of existing technologies, to experiments in the design of organizations as a whole in which fewer constraints are accepted as given. They entail and require a multidisciplinary approach as well as awareness of and commitment to the underlying values. The possibilities and benefits of restructuring work in these various ways have been demonstrated sufficiently to encourage interest at governmental level as well as by employers and trade unions. There are, however, no simple prescriptions or principles of universal application. Knowledge is still tentative and partial but there is consensus that the search for new ways of dealing with the organization of work and the allocation of resources is of fundamental importance.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1991

Opportunities for using computers in speech and language therapy: a study of one language unit.

Whilst the use of information technology is increasing in importance as an aid to speech and language therapy, its introduction has so far been unsystematic. Systems analysis methodologies for assessing how information technology can best be employed have been developed for use in the business world. The present study used one such methodology--Checkland's soft systems--to investigate which aspects of the activities of one language unit were most likely to be improved or helped by the introduction of new technology. Such an approach was found to yield useful insights and several opportunities for increased computer use were revealed. However, it was also concluded that, to take maximum advantage of new technology, changes would need to be introduced and resources made available at a higher organisational level than that of the individual unit or department.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Acupuncture-like stimulation with codetron for rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain syndrome and osteoarthritis.

Acupuncture is one of the oldest healing methods which is used in traditional medicine. In the modern medicine, we are witnessing a renaissance of this ancient treatment applied mainly in the management of chronic pain. A number of modern technological changes are being applied to replace, or modify, the classical needle treatment. Among many modalities used today is the novel addition in Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) called CODETRON which delivers acupuncture-like stimulation in a random order. CODETRON was developed by a Canadian Scientist and had been evaluated in a clinical trial in a multidisciplinary pain clinic on patients who came for acupuncture therapy over a period of two years. Indications, effectiveness and experiences with this form of treatment are presented. In addition, results obtained from a six week double-blind randomized placebo controlled pilot trial of osteoarthritis of the hip/knee with CODETRON which was conducted later. The results were highly suggestive of the beneficial effect of this nonhabituating mode of therapy and confirmed our initial uncontrolled trial results.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1991

An educational approach to leprosy control: an evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practice in two poor localities in Bombay, India.

Based on the hypothesis that a systematic, carefully planned educational approach to leprosy would yield results in terms of knowledge, attitudes and case presentation superior to those of the established and traditional mass survey method, ALERT-India launched a programme in S ward of Bombay in February 1985, to compare the two. An intensive programme of health education, using trained teams, was carried out in one zone of this ward over a period of 12 months. Eight months later, mass survey work (as used routinely in previous years and on a country-wide basis) was carried out in an adjacent zone. In 1987, the Centre for Social and Technological Change in Bombay, in association with the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, was requested to evaluate the effect of the above educational approach in terms of knowledge, attitudes and practice in both the trial and control zones. Other aspects of this experimental approach, including its cost and effectiveness in identifying cases of leprosy, will be published separately. The design of the 'KAP' evaluation and the social and environmental controls introduced in the statistical analysis are described. The results pointed to a considerable degree of ignorance about leprosy as a disease (and its treatment) in both the study and the control zones. Knowledge about early symptoms was particularly weak and on all aspects scores for women were invariably lower than men. General education enhanced the absorption of specific knowledge, and the education of children compensated adequately for lack of parental education in this respect. Overall the evaluation indicated that the intensive educational approach was superior to the survey approach in terms of improving knowledge, attitudes and practice.

Educational Status↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution from the aluminium industry.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the major air pollutants emitted by two aluminum reduction plants in Hungary, were measured in the emission dusts and in air particulates in nearby residential areas. There was a higher amount of PAHs in the emission dust of the plant operating with vertical stud anodes (plant "A") compared to the plant operating with horizontal stud anodes (plant "B"). PAHs in ambient air in the town, close to plant "A", were similar to the levels in emission dust, indicating a health hazard for the population. This is strengthened by the non-seasonal variation of benzo(a)pyrene content of ambient air in the town. Measurements of PAHs in the vicinity of the plant "B" and in a town 4 km away clearly showed a decrease in the concentration of the hazardous chemicals. Analysis of emission dusts from the power plant, close to plant "B", showed that 100-fold less PAHs are emitted compared with the plant. Although major technological changes cannot be made, improved emission control would be beneficial to the general population in that area.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Materials and techniques in fixed prosthodontics.

If we have learned anything from our experiences with all-ceramic systems such as Cerestore, Cerapearl, and even Dicor, it is that it takes years to uncover the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of new materials and technologies. Manufacturers' initial claims for fit, strength, esthetics, biocompatibility, wear characteristics, and clinical performance should be viewed as preliminary until supported by independent laboratory and clinical studies. Laboratory testing alone may not provide sufficient insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of products or assure comparable performance in the commercial dental laboratory or the ultimate testing arena, the oral environment. Moreover, the diversity of the new materials and techniques discussed demonstrates the breadth and depth of the technologic changes in dental biomaterials. The rate at which these dental products enter the marketplace and their sheer number alone are indeed staggering. Furthermore, these advances are not emerging from any single nation but from manufacturers all around the world (Japan, Germany, as well as the United States), indicating our international reliance on one another. Clearly, the decade of the 1990s is emerging as an exciting period in the development of biomaterials in comprehensive fixed prosthodontics and dentistry in general.

Calcium Sulfate↗
PubMed1992

Discounting in health care decision-making: time for a change?

Economic appraisal is increasingly being used to inform health care decision-making. To allow comparison, costs and benefits spread over time are weighted according to when they are experienced. The further in the future, the less heavily they are weighted or the more they are discounted. Traditional economic appraisal techniques are based on the view that social decisions should reflect private preferences. The practice of discounting future streams of costs and benefits is principally justified by the fact that individuals have a positive time preference, preferring consumption sooner rather than later. Discounting weights public decision-making in favour of interventions resulting in short-term benefits and against longer-term benefits. This discriminates against preventive and other public health programmes. This paper provides a critique of the foundations of discounting. It is argued that health policy should have a longer time horizon, reflecting social values rather than individual preferences. Factors which make discounting the future rational from the individual's point of view are shown to be irrelevant to a societal perspective. Although uncertainty about the effectiveness of interventions and technological change are good reasons for weighting some future benefits less highly, the routine use of a single discount rate for economic evaluations of health programmes is not justified.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1976

Occupational health hazards resulting from elevated work rate situations.

Some occupational health hazards resulting from an elevated rate of work due to recent mechanization and automatization are discussed on the basis of results of health examinations. A rapid increase of a cervicobrachial disorder among young cash register and packing machine operators has been observed. Switching to the use of electronic cash registers has been shown to have only limited efficacy due to increased operation speed, and high-speed complex finger and hand movements of packer operators have also proven to be as hazardous as key-board operations. The high incidence of low-back pain, in particular gradually developing pain, among workers in electric power supply work has been suggested to be the result of quick and intensified work to meet increasing supply demand. Likewise, the workload of electric locomotive and bullet train drivers has increased in accordance with increased train speeds, and has been shown to have had significant effects on their health particularly in regards to neural strain, intra-cab environment such as air pressure change, vibration, and noise, and rotation on irregular shifts. New steps seem required therefore to meet the new health problems arising from a combination of modern technological changes and elevated working speeds.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed1992

[Results of testing well water from an area influenced by the chemical plant "Police"].

The subject of this study was the determination of the correlation between the operation of Chemical Plant "Police" and contamination of underground waters. The waters from ten wells in 16 localities were tested in 1982, 1987 and 1990. The indicators of contaminations emitted in different form by Chemical Plant "Police" as fluorides, ammonia and its derivatives nitrites and nitrates, sulphates, phosphates and also chlorides were tested. Bacteriological examinations of water also were performed. Investigations performed in 1987, confronted to 1982, showed development concentration of ammonia and minor as depends fluorides and sulphates. In 1990 lowering of average level of all chemical indicators were obtained. Presumable the introduction of technological changes in Plant determined the reduction of contaminations of underground water in this area.

Chemical Industry↗
PubMed1991

Strategic planning: a biomedical communications model.

This article describes a biomedical communications approach to strategic planning. This model produces a short-term plan that allows a department to take the competitive advantage, react to technological change, and make timely decisions on new courses of action. The model calls for self-study, involving staff in brainstorming sessions where options are identified and ideas are prioritized into possible strategies for success. The article recommends that an evaluation and monitoring schedule be implemented after decisions have been made.

Communication↗
PubMed1991

Knowledge growth. A challenge to administrators.

The rapid scientific and technological changes in patient care practically mandate structural changes to accommodate to the means of effective patient care. The phenomenal growth of science will not wait for individual nurses or whole professions to adjust. The growth of science, along with a cybernated system, will be relentless and will require rapid adjustment. Personal power will be defined in terms of how effectively knowledge is acquired, used, and expanded.

Diffusion of Innovation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Collaborative practice between Ontario nurses and physicians: is it possible?

Numerous historical, psychological, social and cultural factors have caused the development and endurance of an unequal relationship pattern between the physician and the nurse. Nurses have assumed a position of lower status and dependency on physicians, and have been viewed as physicians' helpers or "handmaidens". However, with today's rapid technological changes, ethical and moral dilemmas, and cost constraints, high quality patient care cannot occur without equal contribution of both nursing and medicine. A shift from the traditional physician dominated relationship to a more balanced nurse-physician collaboration is needed. In a collaborative relationship, the physician and nurse jointly assume responsibility and accountability for patient care. This paper addresses the barriers to establishing a nurse-physician collaborative practice in Ontario and how they may be overcome.

Communication↗
PubMed1990

The impact of diagnosis-related groups on patient acuity, quality of care, and length of stay.

The consequences of the implementation of diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) include increased patient acuity level, shortened length of stay, and decreased quality of nursing care. The findings of this study did not support the expected changes in patient acuity level or quality of nursing care. In this study, technological changes and organizational variables may have buffered the expected negative consequences of the implementation of DRGs in a group of cardiovascular surgery patients.

Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1978

Healthy family functioning: a cross-cultural appraisal.

It is increasingly recognized that rapid cultural, social, economic, and technological changes are imposing increasing stress on family structures, traditional values, and the ability to adapt to new environments in different societies. For the purposes of this paper, "healthy family functioning" is defined in terms of a family unit (however it is conceived in any given culture) effectively coping with cultural, environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the family life cycle. While a review of international literature in the behavioural and biomedical sciences yields little data on comparative studies, there is growing awareness of the need for cooperative international research on family coping mechanisms and determinants of self-reliant communal coping behaviour, as well as more efficient utilization of already available knowledge. After consideration of methodological pitfalls of assessment procedures, there is a presentation of an evolving theory of healthy family functioning with the suggestion that studies of young married couples constitute a particularly promising vehicle for developing needed cooperative cross-cultural research.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗