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PubMed1983

The role of wild birds and their ectoparasites (ticks) in the circulation and distribution of M. avium and possible formation of natural foci of avian tuberculosis.

The leading role of wild birds in the spread and circulation of the causative agent of avian tuberculosis is emphasized and the basic theoretical prerequisites of developing the hypothesis of the formation of its natural foci are discussed. The significance of the individual factors for the formation of the theory of natural foci of tuberculosis caused by M. avium is displayed. The opinion is expressed that avian tuberculosis should be classified among facultatively transmissible natural-focal infections in the epizootic process of which both transmissive (ticks) and non-transmissive (water; various infected substrates, soil, etc.) factors take part.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2006

Avian tuberculosis in naturally infected captive water birds of the Ardeideae and Threskiornithidae families studied by serotyping, IS901 RFLP typing, and virulence for poultry.

Avian tuberculosis was detected in one flock of 38 water birds of the families Ardeideae (n = 20) and Threskiornithidae (n = 18). Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA, serotype 1, genotype IS901+ and IS1245+) was more often (p = 0.01) detected in tissue and/or faecal samples in 18 (90.0%) birds form the Ardeideae family: little egret (Egretta garzetta), buff-backed heron (Bubulcus ibis), great white egret (Egretta alba), and bittern (Botaurus stellaris) in comparison to two (11.1%) birds from the Threskiornithidae family: sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopicus). Avian tuberculosis was not diagnosed in spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia). Tuberculous lesions were found in nine birds. MAA isolates of IS901 RFLP type F-C3 were present in all of the 20 infected birds and in all environmental isolates. A mixed infection with the MAA isolates of three RFLP types F-C3 (tissue isolate), G-C3, and T-C3 (faecal isolates) was found in one sacred ibis. All 20 tissue isolates of IS901 RFLP type F-C3 from 20 birds and 8 environmental MAA isolates were fully virulent in pullets, whilst the isolates of RFLP types G-C3 and T-C3 were non-virulent in pullets. All of the tested MAA isolates had the same IS1245 RFLP "bird profile". In 12 of 20 infected birds with MAA M.a. hominissuis isolates of serotypes 4, 8, 9 and genotype IS901- and IS1245+ were detected and in 8 other birds mycobacteria not belonging to the M. avium complex were found. The presence of MAA in the environment may be a source for further spread of the causal agent of avian tuberculosis among other groups of animals in zoological gardens, farm animals, and also among their keepers.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Avian tuberculosis in pigs: miliary lesions in bacon pigs.

An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium type 2 is described which resulted in the total condemnation of 26 carcasses and partial condemnation of tissues and organs of a further 200 animals. Circumstantial evidence is presented that hens running in the farmyard were the source of the infection. Examinations of the carcasses and organs of the diseased pigs suggested that the accepted pathogenesis of the disease is incorrect and a new hypothesis is presented. The problems for the meat inspector in differentiating tuberculosis from 'milk-spot liver' are discussed and recommendations made. The findings of the study are discussed in the light of 'The Meat Inspection Regulations 1963' and it is recommended that where tuberculosis is suspected there is no longer any necessity to split the carcasses. The public health implications of this study are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Avian tuberculosis which occurred in an imported pigeon and pathogenicity of the isolates.

A tubercular lesion (15 mm in diameter) was found on the skin of the caudal part of the cloaca in a 2-year-old male carrier-pigeon. Mycobacterium avium serovar 2 was isolated from the tubercular lesion on the skin and in the feces. The smooth and dome (SmD) variant (4.9 x 10(6) CFU) and rough and granular (RG) variant (3.7 x 10(7) CFU) of the isolates were injected into chickens intravenously. The chickens inoculated with the RG variant died on the 39th day and the one with the SmD variant died on the 77th day after inoculation. Enlargement of the liver and spleen was observed in all the inoculated chickens. Many white tubercular lesions were observed in the liver, spleen and lung of the chicken inoculated with the SmD variant, while no macroscopical change was observed in the bird inoculated with the RG variant. Inoculated organisms were recovered from the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs and pancreas of each inoculated chicken.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outbreak of avian tuberculosis in 48-week-old commercial layer hen flock.

This report describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of 38,500 48-wk-old layer hens. Clinical characteristics of the process included a gradual drop in egg production and feed intake, as well as an increased mortality rate. Two well-defined clinical features were observed. On the one hand, a number of birds displayed good body condition and continued to lay but presented granulomatous nodular lesions, particularly in the infraorbital sinus, liver, and intestine. In contrast, other hens were emaciated and presented granulomatous lesions of various sizes throughout the internal organs. The lesions observed in the various organs of all the affected birds consisted of granulomas containing acid/alcohol-fast bacilli. The presence of Mycobacterium avium was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction techniques. This report describes the epidemiologic and histopathologic characteristics of the outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Avian tuberculosis in a wild turkey.

A liver from a hunter-harvested wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) from Kansas was evaluated by the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study. Grossly, the liver contained several grayish-white masses ranging from 0.5-3 cm in diameter. These masses were scattered throughout the parenchyma and bulged from the capsular surface. Histologic examination revealed multifocal to coalescing granulomas with low numbers of acid-fast bacilli within multinucleated giant cells at the periphery of the granulomas. Culture of the liver yielded Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium and low numbers of Staphylococcus intermedius.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Avian tuberculosis in wild birds in the Netherlands.

Mycobacterium avium was isolated from 82 of 11,664 birds submitted for necropsy in The Netherlands. All isolated M. avium strains belonged to serotype 1, 2 or 3. The greatest number M. avium were from buzzards and falcons. The prevalence of tuberculosis in gulls is extremely low.

Animals↗