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PubMed2002

The obesity pandemic--implications for Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Adverse health outcomes are associated with overweight and obesity. In February 2000, the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, the International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force published provisional recommendations for adults for the Asia-Pacific region: overweight at Body Mass Index (BMI) > or = 23 and obesity at BMI > or = 25. METHODS: Data from the National Health Survey of Pakistan, 1990-94 were reanalyzed using BMI cut-offs recommended for Asians to reassess prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult Pakistani population. RESULTS: Prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 25) in 25-44 year olds in rural areas was 9% for men and 14% for women; in urban areas, prevalence was 22% and 37% for men and women, respectively. For 45-64 year olds, prevalence was 11% for men and 19% for women in rural areas, and 23% and 40% in urban areas for men and women, respectively. Obesity prevalence was directly associated with SES, regardless of residence. CONCLUSION: In South Asia, including Pakistan, social and environmental changes are occurring rapidly, with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyles, higher energy density of diets, and reduced physical activity. The coexistence of underweight in early life with obesity in adults may presage both a higher prevalence and incidence for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension and diabetes. Use of BMI > or = 23 for overweight, and BMI > or = 25 for obesity, may provide a more accurate determination of the health of Pakistanis, especially in those with more than one risk factor for NCDs.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Ecological approach to cancer epidemiology.

Man's influence on the 'environment' is such that it is now largely a product of his social activities. In turn the resulting wide-ranging environmental changes have had a profound effect on the structure of human pathology to which the term 'pathomorphosis' is applied. Lung cancer and stomach cancer are cited as examples of the close links between socially-determined environmental changes (e.g. industrialization, urbanization, changing diets, cigarette smoking) and concrete pathomorphic manifestations.

Environmental Pollution↗
PubMed1988

Urbanization in Taiwan: 1900-1985.

This paper reviews previous research and statistical data concerning urbanization and its relationship to migration in Taiwan from 1900-1985. The level of urbanization was very low when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. The low level of industrialization and the difficulty of communication and transportation in the early stage of development may have impeded migration. Beginning in 1953, Taiwan began a series of economic construction plans. Modern industries have burgeoned in many large cities and their peripheral townships, thus accelerating the urbanization process. The data clearly show that the growth rate of the urban population has been much faster than the rate of change in the proportion that is urban. During the 1920-1940 period, the population of Taiwan gradually moved from places of early settlement to new city centers or newly developed areas. It is quite clear that the process of metropolitan dispersion has increased with the development of urbanization in Taiwan. The pattern of city growth was not consistent from period to period. It was reverse U-shaped for the 1950-1960 period, upward-wave-shaped for the 1960-1970 period, and J-shaped for the 1970-1985 period. If a longer period (e.g., 1947-1985) was observed, then it became upward-wave-shaped again. It is quite clear that there is no simple relationship between city size and city growth. This relationship is affected by stage of development; it also appears to be affected by duration of observation. Generally, the longer the interval observed, and the later the period analyzed, the more the upward-wave-shape holds for the relationship. Many scholars maintain that urban growth in developing countries results primarily from the natural increase of urban populations. However, judging from the rapid urban growth in Taiwan during the 1953-1985 period, and considering the natural increase contributed by migrants in urban areas, it is likely that rural-urban migration is a more important source of urban growth.

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Metropolitan America: beyond the transition.

Americans have always gravitated toward cities, and for most of this century, urban growth has continued at a fast pace. During the 1970s, however, nonmetropolitan area grew at the expense of many large metropolitan areas, especially those in the industrial Northeast and Midwest. New patterns of population distribution appeared to be emerging. This Bulletin analyzes the trends of the 1970s, the shifting patterns of the 1980s, and likely prospects for future growth in metropolitan areas. The "rural renaissance" resulted from a combination of forces, including improved infrastructure in nonmetropolitan area, growing demand for retirement and recreation spots, the entrance of the large baby-boom cohort into the labor force, and the economic situation both at home and abroad. Some of these same forces have shifted settlement patterns in the 1980s, helping create "World Cities," like New York and San Francisco, and regional "Command and Control Centers" such as Atlanta and Minneapolis-St. Paul, that will continue to gain in both population and influence. Yet nonmetropolitan areas still attract retirees and other former urbanites. The distribution of minority groups among metropolitan populations is also undergoing significant change. The heavy immigration of Hispanics and Asians in the 1980s has increased the proportion of these groups, particularly in metropolitan areas in the South and West. More black Americans are moving to the suburbs formerly dominated by whites. Yet large pockets of poverty--of both black and whites--remain in both suburban and central city areas.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Land use and demographic change: results from fast-growth counties.

The authors analyze and compare two data sets on land-use change in U.S. counties with rapidly growing populations for the period from 1960 to the early 1980s. The results show that "the net effect of changing household numbers, household characteristics, and economic constraints on demand for land is likely to mean less conversion of land for urban uses in the future. Our studies showed that marginal urban land consumption remained nearly constant between 1960 and the early 1980s."

Agriculture↗