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PubMed1990

Reduced plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in high consumers of fruits, vegetables and root vegetables.

We studied a cross-sectional sample of 260 subjects aged 30-60 years, in order to assess the relation between food intake habits and factors of the fibrinolytic system. Plasma samples of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity were obtained for the assay. The dietary pattern was determined using a food frequency questionnaire, according to which the subjects were grouped as high, low or medium consumers. The subjects who were high consumers of fruit, vegetables, and root vegetables showed the lowest levels of PAI-1, those who were low consumers had the highest levels, whereas the medium consumers showed intermediate values. The tPA levels did not differ between the three groups, and there were no significant differences in other variables that covaried with PAI-1 levels, such as age, anthropometric variables, or serum lipid levels, which could confound the PAI-1/food pattern relationship. The data, which show that a frequent intake of fruit, vegetables, and root vegetables--foodstuffs rich in vitamin C and fibre--is associated with lower PAI-1 levels, are consistent with increased activity of the fibrinolytic system and thus a reduced risk of thromboembolic and cardiovascular disease in subjects who exhibit this food intake pattern.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Lethality of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and a commercial fruit and vegetable sanitizer to vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis.

Chlorine, ClO2, and a commercial raw fruit and vegetable sanitizer were evaluated for their effectiveness in killing vegetative cells and spores of Bacillus cereus and spores of Bacillus thuringiensis. The ultimate goal was to use one or both species as a potential surrogate(s) for Bacillus anthracis in studies that focus on determining the efficacy of sanitizers in killing the pathogen on food contact surfaces and foods. Treatment with alkaline (pH 10.5 to 11.0) ClO2 (200 microg/ml) produced by electrochemical technologies reduced populations of a five-strain mixture of vegetative cells and a five-strain mixture of spores of B. cereus by more than 5.4 and more than 6.4 log CFU/ml respectively, within 5 min. This finding compares with respective reductions of 4.5 and 1.8 log CFU/ml resulting from treatment with 200 microg/ml of chlorine. Treatment with a 1.5% acidified (pH 3.0) solution of Fit powder product was less effective, causing 2.5- and 0.4-log CFU/ml reductions in the number of B. cereus cells and spores, respectively. Treatment with alkaline ClO2 (85 microg/ml), acidified (pH 3.4) ClO2 (85 microg/ml), and a mixture of ClO2 (85 microg/ml) and Fit powder product (0.5%) (pH 3.5) caused reductions in vegetative cell/spore populations of more than 5.3/5.6, 5.3/5.7, and 5.3/6.0 log CFU/ml, respectively. Treatment of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis spores in a medium (3.4 mg/ml of organic and inorganic solids) in which cells had grown and produced spores with an equal volume of alkaline (pH 12.1) ClO2 (400 microg/ml) for 30 min reduced populations by 4.6 and 5.2 log CFU/ml, respectively, indicating high lethality in the presence of materials other than spores that would potentially react with and neutralize the sporicidal activity of ClO2.

Bacillus cereus↗

PubMed1976

[Clinicopathological studies of the vegetative state--distinction between the vegetative state and brain death].

10 cases showing vegetative state and 2 cases of brain death due to severe brain damage were observed and the differences of clinicopathological findings between both states were discussed. The cases of vegetative state can be divided into three groups, first is widespread lesion in the cerebral cortex, second is in the cerebral white matter and third is in the brain stem. While, the diffuse whole brain damage including the vegetative center of the central nervous system causes brain death. We should like to emphasize that the most important structure to maintain the human life is the vital center in the brain stem, and that a human being, in whom only those function can be preserved, is possible to be alive as vegetative state. Prognostic value of the EEG indicating quality of survival noted in early stage after severe brain damage has not so important as the flat EEG revealed in brain death.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Characterization of the vegetative-nervous response of dogs and the vegetative-nervous interaction between dogs and dog trainers by noninvasive measurement of skin potentials].

The study involved a total of 5 pairs consisting of dog and dog trainer who were examined by continuous noninvasive recording of skin potentials within the scope of a defined exercise program. The exercise program consisted of the following phases: preparatory free run exercise (16 min in duration), exercise in submission (4 min in duration), follow-up phase with free run (16 min in duration). The objective of the study was to demonstrate the possibility to register, by means of skin potential recordings, the vegetative-nervous behavior of dogs and the vegetative-nervous interaction between dog and dog trainer. The tests carried out with dogs and humans showed that it was possible to verify behavior-specific traits of dogs by means of time-series analysis of the data registered. It was demonstrated that especially the frequency distribution of a regulatory function, such as the parameter skin potential, permits the detection of characteristic behavioral traits. By means of a newly developed method for determining a dynamic cross-correlation, the vegetative-emotional interaction could be demonstrated during the submission exercise. By using typical exercise patterns (shot, walking, "down", etc.), it was demonstrated that "shot" lead to deterioration of the vegetative-nervous relationship in all pairs. Having the dog "sit" and praising it lead to a positive correlation in all pairs. The command "down" lead to deterioration of the correlation in three pairs.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A review of the analysis of vegetable oil residues from fire debris samples: spontaneous ignition, vegetable oils, and the forensic approach.

This paper reviews the literature on the analysis of vegetable (and animal) oil residues from fire debris samples. The process of self-heating and spontaneous ignition is well-known by fire investigators and causes many fires. Vegetable oils are often the chemicals that originate such phenomenon. Vegetable oils are composed of lipids, which contain fatty acids. The autooxidation of the double bonds present in unsaturated fatty acids is the exothermic reaction at the origin of the self-heating process. The degree of unsaturation of fatty acids directly influences the propensity of an oil to undergo self-heating and, eventually, spontaneous ignition. When fire debris samples are collected, it is possible to examine them at the laboratory to extract and identify vegetable oil residues. This is typically performed by solvent extraction, followed by gas chromatographic(-mass spectrometric) analysis of the extract. Such analyses differ from ignitable liquid residue analyses, so a different forensic approach is necessary.

Fatty Acids↗

PubMed1975

[On the phenolic acids of vegetables. IV. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)].

Lettuce, endive and chicory exclusively, cornsalad and sweet fennel almost exclusively contain caffeic acid derivatives beside traces of ferulic acid. Parsley exclusively and spinach almost exclusively show p-coumaric acid derivatives. Compared to root, fruit and seed vegetables the contents of phenolic acids in green leaves are considerably high. Rhubarb is the only vegetable, which contains gallic acid (chief phenolic acid) beside hydroxycinnamic, protocatechuic and vanillic acid derivatives. Furthermore hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (salicylic, gentisic and vanillic acid) occur in cornsalad, sweet fennel, parsley and spinach in small concentrations; cornsalad shows p-hydroxybenzoic acid (ca. 20 mg/kg). Onions (Allium cepa) contain almost only protocatechuic acid beside small amounts of p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid. In the outer dry coloured skins protocatechuic acid reaches concentrations up to 2% of plant material; the internal pulpy tissues show lower concentrations (ca. 20 mg/kg). On the contrary to the bulbs the green leaves of onions like chive and leek contain almost exclusively compounds of ferulic and p-coumaric acid. Garlic even shows a different phenolic acid pattern of skins and internal tissues. The caffeic acid derivatives of potatoes are mainly localized to a 1--2 mm thick outer layer. The different localization of phenolic acids in the different parts of vegetable plants is discussed.

Caffeic Acids↗

PubMed2006

Nitrates and nitrites in vegetables and vegetable-based products and their intakes by the Estonian population.

The content of nitrates were determined in 1,349 samples of vegetables and ready-made food in 2003-2004 as a part of the Estonian food safety monitoring programme and the Estonian Science Foundation grant research activities. The results of manufacturers' analyses carried out for internal monitoring were included in the study. The highest mean values of nitrates were detected in dill, spinach, lettuce and beet root. The mean concentrations were 2,936, 2,508, 2,167 and 1,446 mg kg(-1), respectively. The content of nitrites in samples was lower than 5 mg kg(-1). In total, the mean intake of nitrates by the Estonian population was 58 mg day(-1). The mean content of nitrates in vegetable-based infant foods of Estonian origin was 88 mg kg(-1). The average daily intake of nitrates by children in the age group of 4-6 years was 30 mg. The infants' average daily intake of nitrates from consumption of vegetable-based foods was 7.8 mg.

Anethum graveolens↗

PubMed2005

Health working with industry to promote fruit and vegetables: a case study of the Western Australian Fruit and Vegetable Campaign with reflection on effectiveness of inter-sectoral action.

OBJECTIVE: In 1990, the Department of Health in Western Australia (DOH) initiated a five-year campaign to increase awareness of the need to eat more fruit and vegetables and to encourage increased consumption. This paper describes aspects of the campaign and reviews the strengths and weaknesses of health and fruit and vegetable industry alliances to extend and sustain the campaign. METHOD: The fruit and vegetable industry was engaged through information sharing, consultation, working groups and joint promotions. The partnership was examined in terms of six inter-sectoral action dimensions (necessity; opportunity and capacity to work together; established relationships for goal achievement; degree of planning; potential for evaluation; and sustainability of action). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There were both need and opportunity for each sector to work together. Health had commitment, expertise and resources to plan, implement and evaluate the campaign. Industry had established channels of communication within the supply chain. Sustained health sector presence provided incentive, endorsement and policy direction. Resources and infrastructure limited partnership sustainability. Greatest potential for success occurred when participants' contributions were closely aligned to their core business and there was a body responsible for co-ordinating action.

Cooperative Behavior↗

PubMed2004

How vegetative is the vegetative state? Preserved semantic processing in VS patients--evidence from N 400 event-related potentials.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) can provide valuable information about cognitive capabilities in severely brain-damaged patients. This study examined 120 patients with severe brain damage using event related potentials ERPs (N 400) to gain information about their remaining semantic processing capabilities and to contribute to differential diagnosis. Patients were classified into three diagnostic groups: patients in vegetative state (VS), patients in near vegetative state (NEVS) and patients not in vegetative state (NOVS). N400 ERPs were analyzed on an individual basis. All three groups could be differentiated by N400. While VS-patients as a group were least likely to show N400, some VS-patients (approx. 12%) showed clear semantic N400 potentials as an indication of semantic processing capabilities. Patients in NEVS showed significantly more intact semantic capabilities (76.74%) than the VS-group despite little clinical differences between the two groups. Thus, ERPs provide valuable information about patients with brain injury whose clinical conditions often do not allow a true assessment of their cognitive capabilities. Given these findings, we would espouse that both ethical and legal debate should take into account results of ERP studies of such patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

[Studies on pickled vegetables and cause of esophageal cancer in Linxian. I. Experiments on carcinogenicity of pickled vegetables].

Pickled vegetables are a traditional daily food served in several parts of China where esophageal cancer is prevalent, and the mortality rate due to this cancer appears to be correlated with the time span of consumption and the amount consumed. For the present study epithelial hyperplasia and papillomas of the esophagus and forestomach were induced in mice and rats following administration of condensed juice from or extract of pickled vegetables from Linxian County, Henan Province. Only one case of forestomach carcinoma was observed in a rat subsequent to prolonged treatment with pickled extract, indicating that carcinogens in pickled vegetables alone are probably incapable of inducing carcinogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Particles and vegetation: implications for the transfer of particle-bound organic contaminants to vegetation.

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the mechanisms responsible for the transfer of atmospheric particulate deposition and soil particulate re-suspension onto vegetation. The nature of atmospheric aerosols and dry/wet particulate deposition are reviewed, together with information from the literature on radionuclides as tracers of the air particle/soil particle to vegetation transfer processes. Information from these fields is used to make inferences about the potential significance of these pathways in supplying particle-bound semi-volatile organic chemicals (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls) to vegetation. Retention of compounds on particles brought to the above-ground plant surfaces is discussed. In the absence of definitive field/experimental studies, calculations are made drawing on the literature data to estimate the contributions of atmospheric and soil particle-bound organic contaminants to the plant concentration. These show that depending on the site-specific, species-specific and compound-specific scenarios considered, particulate-bound inputs may be negligible or may dominate the supply of organic contaminants to the above-ground portion of plants. However, field/experimental studies and direct measurements are needed to provide reliable quantitative data on this topic.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2004

Fractional magnesium absorption is significantly lower in human subjects from a meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a meal served with kale, a vegetable with a low oxalate content.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate Mg absorption from a test meal served with an oxalate-rich vegetable, spinach, as compared with a test meal served with a vegetable with a low oxalate content, kale. Mg absorption was measured by a stable-isotope technique based on extrinsic labelling of the test meals and faecal monitoring of the excreted isotope labels. Nine healthy adults participated in the study. The test meals were based on 100 g phytate-free white bread, served with 300 g spinach (6.6 mmol oxalate; 0.7 mmol (25)Mg label added, 5.0 mmol total Mg) or 300 g kale (0.1 mmol oxalate; 1.2 mmol (26)Mg label added, 4.8 mmol total Mg). The test meals were served on days 1 and 3, at breakfast and lunch, using a cross-over design. The results from the present study demonstrated that apparent Mg absorption was significantly lower from the meal served with spinach (26.7 (sd 10.4) %) than the meal served with kale (36.5 (sd 11.8) %) (P=0.01). However, the lower fractional apparent Mg absorption from the test meal served with spinach can be assumed to be, at least partly, counterbalanced by the higher native Mg content of spinach as compared with kale. Although based on indirect evidence, i.e. not based on an evaluation of added (or removed) oxalic acid, the difference in Mg absorption observed in the present study is attributed to the difference in oxalic acid content between the two vegetables.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Runoff loss of pesticides and soil: a comparison between vegetative mulch and plastic mulch in vegetable production systems.

Current vegetable production systems use polyethylene (plastic) mulch and require multiple applications of agrochemicals. During rain events, runoff from vegetable production is enhanced because 50 to 75% of the field is covered with an impervious surface. This study was conducted to quantify off-site movement of soil and pesticides with runoff from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plots containing polyethylene mulch and a vegetative mulch, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth). Side-by-side field plots were instrumented with automated flow meters and samplers to measure and collect runoff, which was filtered, extracted, and analyzed to determine soil and pesticide loss. Seasonal losses of two to four times more water and at least three times as much sediment were observed from plots with polyethvlene mulch (55.4 to 146 L m(-2) and 247 to 535 g m(-2), respectively) versus plots with hairy vetch residue (13.7 to 75.7 L m(-2) and 32.8 to 118 g m(-2), respectively). Geometric means (+/-standard deviation) of total pesticide loads for chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) and alpha-and beta-endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide) for a runoff event were 19, 6, and 9 times greater from polyethylene (800+/-4.6, 17.6+/-3.9, and 39.1+/-4.9 microg m(-2), respectively) than from hairy vetch mulch plots (42+/-6.0, 2.8+/-5.0, and 4.3+/-4.6 microg m(-2), respectively) due to greater concentrations and larger runoff volumes. The increased runoff volume, soil loss, and off-site loading of pesticides measured in runoff from the polyethylene mulch suggests that this management practice is less sustainable and may have a harmful effect on the environment.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2000

[Ecological study on relationship between desertification process and vegetation dynamics in west of northeast China: vegetation classification].

Based on the data obtained from 72 plant community plots and 276 plant species in Hulunbeier Sandy Land and Kerqin Sandy Land in the northeast desertification region of China, TWINSPAN analysis was carried out. Meanwhile the practical classification result was obtained by Detrended correspondence Analysis (DCA). Under the vegetation classification principles of China, the vegetation classification system of the desertification regions in northeast China was preliminarily established, which includes 6 vegetation types, 11 subtypes, 40 formations, and 55 associations.

China↗

PubMed1988

Studies on contamination of vegetable drugs with halogen derivative pesticides. Part 2: Concentrations of halogen derivative pesticides in vegetable blends and herbal granulated products produced in Poland in 1980-1984.

Changes in concentration levels of halogen derivative pesticides (p,p'-DDT and its metabolites p,p'-DD and p,p'-DDE, as well as HCH, DMDT, aldrin, dieldrin) in vegetable blends and granulated products produced in Poland were studied in the period 1980-1984. By means of GLC and TLC methods it has been found, that as in the case of raw materials, contamination levels of these materials increased from 1980 up to the maximum values for vegetable blends in 1982 and in granulated products in 1983. Generally, concentration levels in vegetable blends and in raw material were similar over the same periods of time, whereas concentrations in granulated products were considerable lower.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1985

[Organic acids in vegetables. I. Brassica, leaf and bulb vegetables as well as carrots and celery].

18 German vegetable species were analyzed for their organic acid content. Organic acids were isolated by methanol extraction followed by ion exchange. After derivatisation with BSA the trimethylsilyl derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography using SE-52 and OV-1701 glass capillaries. The predominate acids are malic and citric acid, and in most cases malic acid was the most abundant. Succinic, fumaric, and quinic acids are wide spread, tartaric acid was found in carrots, lettuce, endives, chicory, and celery. Other acids such as malonic, shikimic, and t-aconitic acids occurred sporadically. Lactic acid which was determined by two other methods was not detected in any vegetable species.

Acids↗

PubMed1975

[Flavonols and flavones of vegetables. V. Flavonols and flavones of root vegetables (author's transl)].

Root vegetables contain flavon(ol) glycosides in tracers up to small amounts, while the level of their leaves are in part considerable (to more than 1 g/kg, calculated as aglycon). Radish, rutabagas, scorzoneras, and beets contain less than 1 mg/kg kaempferol and/or quercetin; carrots less than 1 mg/kg apigenin and luteolin; celery roots ca. 75 mg apigenin/kg and 14 mg luteolin/kg; horseradish about 20 mg kaempferol/kg and small radish 1-10 mg kaempferol/kg, whereby all these flavones and flavonols occur as glycosides in the vegetables. In leaves of small radish, variety "Eiszapfen", we found besides isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-glucoside) a quercetin-3-0-diglycoside and a kaempferol-0-diglycoside, both with the sugars rhamnose and arabinose, by tlc.

Arabinose↗

PubMed2002

Vegetables collected in the cultivated Andean area of northern Chile: total and inorganic arsenic contents in raw vegetables.

High levels of arsenic are found in the soil and water of the Second Region in Chile as a result of natural causes. Total and inorganic arsenic contents were analyzed in the edible part of 16 agricultural products (roots, stems, leaves, inflorescences, and fruits) grown in this area. The total arsenic contents varied in the range 0.008-0.604 microg g(-1) of wet weight (ww), below the maximum level allowed by Chilean legislation (1 microg(-1) of ww). Inorganic arsenic contents (range = 0.008-0.613 microg(-1) of ww) represented between 28 and 114% of total arsenic. The concentrations of total and inorganic arsenic found in edible roots and leaves were higher than those found in fruit. The highest concentrations were found in a sample of spinach. High quantities of this vegetable would have to be consumed (250 g/day) to reach the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake for inorganic arsenic. The vegetable group may make a considerable contribution to the total intake of inorganic arsenic.

Arsenic↗