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PubMed2026

Grain protein and yield stability study in rainfed durum wheat RILs.

Developing durum wheat cultivars with stable grain yield across diverse environments remains a key breeding objective. This study evaluated 118 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between the drought-adapted cultivar 'Zardak' (Triticum durum) and the landrace 'Iran-249' (T. turanicum) with desirable seed characteristics, across four heterogeneous rainfed environments in Italy and Iran. The assessment focused on grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) stability. Combined analysis of variance revealed significant (p < 0.01) effects for genotype, environment, and their interaction for both traits. Line ZD-050 showed the highest GY (3.91 t ha⁻¹), while ZD-032 had the highest GPC (14.27%). Stability analysis using parametric and non-parametric methods, along with AMMI and GGE biplot modeling, identified ZD-050 as among the most promising genotypes according to yield-integrating and dynamic-stability approaches. This line showed high grain yield in methods such as the Superiority Index and Kang's rank-sum, although stability rankings differed across the used methods. This line maintained superior yield, demonstrated broad adaptability across environments, and had moderate protein levels, identifying it as an optimal candidate for breeding programs targeting yield stability and wide adaptation under rainfed conditions.

Triticum↗

PubMed2025

Genomics control of biostimulant-induced stress tolerance and crop yield enhancement.

Biostimulants are changing modern agriculture, as they have the potential to secure healthy and sustainable food production while preserving the environment. They have two main biological effects: growth promotion and stress protection. Both effects can lead to enhancement of the yield and improvement of the marketable grade of the produce in crops, without compromising crop quality. Their use increased exponentially in the past decade, as they are highly efficient, ecologically friendly (non-toxic, biodegradable), and applicable to all major crops. While exponential data on the physiological mechanisms of stress protection is accumulating in recent years, the information as to how biostimulants act at the molecular level is still rather limited. Here we review the growing evidence of the biostimulants role in stress protection and yield enhancement of crops, as well as the recent transcriptomic and metabolomic data, which indicate biostimulants' molecular mode of action. In particular, we outline the role of genes encoding signaling components, plant hormones (abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene), genes encoding transcription factors from ERF, WRKY, NAC, and MYB families, and genes related to growth, photosynthesis, and stress response. Finally, we describe strategies to study the genetic and genomics control of biostimulants mode of action, with foci on stress tolerance and yield enhancement. In Arabidopsis, established systems for biostimulants-induced protection against drought and oxidative stress will allow both forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify key genes from the biostimulants network. Mutations in such genes compromise the stress-protective effect of biostimulants. In major crops such as pepper and tomato, large Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) panels can be utilized to study crops responses to biostimulants in terms of drought tolerance, fruit qualities, and yield in order to pinpoint genes controlling biostimulants-induced stress protection and yield enhancement. The combination of these approaches allows identification and verification of important genes involved in the pathways of biostimulant-induced stress protection and yield enhancement, as well as deciphering parts of the intricate biostimulant-signaling network.

Crops, Agricultural↗

PubMed1978

Relationship between milk yield and mammary gland development in mice.

Female mice from four lines exhibiting different nursing ability (as measured by mean 12-day weight of eight offspring within a nursed litter) were used to examine milk yield, body size, feed intake, and cellular development of mammary glands and liver. Three selected lines exceeded the control line in milk yield and mammary gland and liver weights. They had more total deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein contents in both mammary gland and liver tissues than the control. Phenotypic correlations between milk yield and deoxyribonucleic acid contents of mammary glands and liver were .39 and .35, while correlations between milk yield and protein to deoxyribonucleic acid ratio of mammary glands and livers were .04 and .11. Milk yield was correlated closely with body size .57 and with feed intake .55. Milk yield was related more to cell number than to cell size of the mammary glands and liver, and large amounts of milk were produced by heavy dams with substantial feed intake.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

To improve the yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes.

The diagnostic yield of 290 biopsies of thee lymph nodes performed between 1970 and 1974 was reviewed. A specific diagnosis was made in 63 per cent. In 10 per cent, the working diagnosis preoperatively was changed because of the biopsy. There was no significant variance in the postive yield obtained at the various biopsy sites. The surprisingly high yield from biopsy of inguinal lymph nodes was ascribed to a greater hesitancy on the part of th surgeon to do a biopsy of the nodes in the groin, unless they were strongly suggestive of disease. The highest yield rates were obtained when Boeck's sarcoidosis was suspected. Excellent yield rates were also obtained when the preoperative diagnosis was lymphoma or metastatic carcinoma. A protocol for handling the specimen was devised to maximize the potential yield of biopsy of the lymph nodes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

From stress signaling to yield stability: physiological and molecular mechanisms of wheat resilience to heat and drought stress.

Wheat resilience depends on coordinated signaling, reproductive protection, and source-sink regulation, providing a framework to breed robust trait combinations that stabilize yield under combined heat and drought. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat and drought events, posing a major threat to wheat productivity, yield stability, and food security. Because these stresses often coincide in the field, their combined effects can impair growth, reproductive development, grain filling, and final yield more severely than either stress alone. Wheat resilience under such conditions depends on coordinated physiological adjustment and molecular regulation that sustain cellular homeostasis, protect reproductive tissues, and preserve yield-related traits. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological and molecular bases of wheat resilience to heat and drought, with emphasis on their combined effects. We discuss major physiological responses, including photosynthetic adjustment, stomatal regulation, canopy cooling, osmotic balance, antioxidant defense, membrane stability, and source-sink coordination. We also examine key regulatory pathways involved in stress perception and adaptation, including calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, phytohormonal crosstalk, transcriptional regulation, heat shock proteins, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, and osmoprotective and redox-associated pathways. In addition, we highlight the growing contribution of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics to the identification of candidate genes, biomarkers, and adaptive traits. Finally, we consider how mechanistic insights can be translated into wheat improvement through molecular markers, genomic selection, gene editing, and climate-realistic phenotyping. An integrated understanding of stress signaling and adaptive trait deployment will be essential for developing wheat cultivars with improved resilience and yield stability under future climates.

Triticum↗

PubMed2025

A meta-analysis of diagnostic yield and clinical utility of genome and exome sequencing in pediatric rare and undiagnosed genetic diseases.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the diagnostic yield and clinical utility of genome sequencing (GS) and exome sequencing (ES; genome-wide sequencing [GWS]) in pediatric patients with rare and undiagnosed genetic diseases. METHODS: We conducted a meta-analysis of studies published between 2011 and 2023. To address study heterogeneity, comparative analyses included within-cohort studies using random-effects models. RESULTS: We identified 108 studies including 24,631 probands with diverse clinical indications. The pooled diagnostic yield among within-cohort studies (N = 13) for GWS was 34.2% (95% CI: 27.6-41.5; I2: 86%) vs 18.1% (95% CI: 13.1-24.6; I2: 89%) for non-GWS, with 2.4-times odds of diagnosis (95% CI: 1.40-4.04; P < .05). The pooled diagnostic yield among within-cohort studies (N = 3) for GS was 30.6% (95% CI: 18.6-45.9; I2: 79%) vs 23.2% (95% CI: 18.5-28.7; I2: 58%) for ES, with 1.7-times the odds of diagnosis (95% CI: 0.94-2.92; P = .13). In first-line testing, the diagnostic yield tended to be higher for GS than for ES across clinical subgroups. The pooled clinical utility among patients with a positive diagnosis was 58.7% (95% CI: 47.3-69.2; I2: 81%) for GS and 54.5% (95% CI: 40.7-67.6; I2: 87%) for ES. CONCLUSION: GS appears to have a higher diagnostic yield than ES, with similar clinical utility per positive diagnosis.

Child↗

PubMed2026

Investigating the Role of MicroRNA396 (miR396) Gene in Regulating Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen Concentration.

Nitrogen (N) is essential for crop growth, yet excessive fertilization causes environmental issues, highlighting the need to sustain yield and grain N concentration under reduced N input. miR396s are known to regulate plant development and stress responses. Here, we examined whether and how miR396 affects wheat yield and N status under high and low N conditions. TaMIM396 (transforming with the target mimicry construct of miR396) overexpression significantly increased plant height, spike length, grain yield, and grain N concentration under both N treatments. Physiological data showed TaMIM396 enhanced dry matter (DM) and N accumulation at anthesis and maturity, as well as improved post-anthesis remobilization of DM and N to grains. RNA-seq analysis revealed that, under low N, TaMIM396 specifically upregulated key photosynthetic antenna genes, including Lhca3 and Lhcb1/2/3/5, which are critical for light harvesting, suggesting improved photosynthetic efficiency that promotes DM accumulation under N limitation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TaMIM396 acts as a broad-spectrum N-efficiency gene, coordinating carbon and N remobilization while boosting photosynthetic capacity, thereby supporting stable yield and grain N concentration across N supply levels. Therefore, TaMIM396 is a promising candidate for breeding N-efficient wheat cultivars compatible with sustainable high-yield agriculture.

TaMIM396↗

PubMed1976

Bacterial yields on methanol, methylamine, formaldehyde, and formate.

Several bacteria utilizing C1-compounds as sole carbon sources were grown on these substrates in continuous culture. The molar yield values (g of cell dry wt/mol of substrate utilized) of bacteria which utilize C1-compounds via the ribulose monophosphate pathway were between 15.7 to 17.3 when grown on methanol; while the molar yield values of bacteria which use the serine pathway for the assimilation of C1-compounds varied between 9.8 and 13.1. The molar yield values of different bacteria which use the serine pathway decreased as the oxidation levels of the C1-growth substrates increased. On formaldehyde the values were between 7.2 to 9.6, whereas on formate the values varied from 3.3 to 6.9. It appears that bacteria utilize C1-compounds more efficiently via the ribulose monophosphate pathway than via the serine pathway. The oxidation step from methanol to formaldehyde (and from methylamine to formaldehyde) in the bacteria studied may be energy yielding. A comparison has been made between the experimental yield values obtained and theoretical values.

Formaldehyde↗

PubMed1978

Different yield and properties of mitochondria from skeletal muscle of normal hamsters.

Yield and properties of mitochondria, isolated from hind leg muscles of normal hamsters, are different, when 4 preparation procedures are applied simultaneously: 1. mechanical homogenization of muscle with a glass-Teflon homogenizer followed by rehomogenization of the isolated nuclear fraction for 1--6 times. The procedure yields impure mitochondria showing the highest amounts of mitochondrial enzymes (50--65% of total), protein and DNA; the isolated mitochondria exhibit disrupted outer membranes and loosened inner membranes causing a better supply with substrates of enzymes located at the inner membrane and in the matrix. 2. Single mechanical homogenization of muscle for increasing periods (2--40 min) yields lower amounts of all constituents (25--40% of total). 3. The yields of Nagarse treatment with one step of 2 min mechanical homogenization range between 20--35% of total. Mitochondria isolated with the latter procedure exhibit compact membranes and are very pure, but still contaminated with Nagarse, causing destructions of mitochondrial membranes already after 24 h storage in buffer with sucrose and mannitol at 2 degrees C. 4. One single Nagarse treatment of muscle for 40 min produces a minor yield of these these constituents. Therefore, at least two different isolation procedures are proposed for optimum investigation of skeletal muscle mitochondria.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

The effect of changes in dose rate on the yield of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to gamma radiation.

The yield of chromosome aberrations was studied in Go human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro exposure to 100, 250 and 500 rad of caesium-137 gamma radiation. The doses were given at various rates up to 400 rad per h with the longest exposures lasting for approx. 50 h. At 500 and 250 rad the dicentric yields fell by 66 and 64% when the dose rate was reduced from 400 to 10 rad per h whereas at 100 rad the reduction was only 29%. Reductions were also noted in frequency of acentric aberrations. At the higher dose rates (greater than 150 R/h) the aberration yield was constant and agreed with data published elsewhere for 3000 R/h. The dose rate at which the decline in aberration yield became apparent was dose dependent and, for dicentrics, occurred at about 150, 100 and 25 rad/h respectively for the 500-, 250- and 100-rad doses. The data are interpreted in terms of the quadratic model of aberration induction in which the dose-squared term represents dose rate dependent two-track aberrations which constitute an increasingly important component of yield as dose increases. The implications of this work for cytogenetic dosimetry are discussed.

Chromosome Aberrations↗

PubMed1977

Dicentric yields induced by gamma-radiation and chromosome arm number in primates.

To evaluate the effect of the chromosome arm number on the yield of dicentric chromosomes, frequencies of gamma-ray-induced chromosome aberrations were examined with peripheral lymphocytes from three different primate species, Saimiri sciureus (arm number, 77), Macaca fascicularis (arm number, 83) and Nycticebus coucang (arm number, 99). Irradiated blood samples were cultured by the same standard technique as that commonly used for human lymphocytes. The yields of dicentrics and dicentrics plus rings at doses of 100, 200 and 300 rad of gamma-irradiation were not significantly different among the three species, in spite of the difference in the chromosome arm number. Furthermore, dose-response relationships for these species were consistent with that for man. Statistical analysis indicated that the expected dicentric yields calculated from the arm number model were significantly different from the observed yields at 200 and 300 rad doses (P less than 0.01). From these results it can be pointed out that there is no correlation between the yield of dicentrics and the effective chromosome arm number, and that the chromosomal radiosensitivity of these primates is essentially the same as that of man, at least in the lymphocyte system.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with ""Okadin'' at high rate on yield of broadbean and lentil.

The effect of phosphate fertilization and seed inoculation with ""Okadin'' preperation of rhizobia strains on the yield of broadbean and lentil was tested in field experiments during the seasons 1969 to 1972 in the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University. Superphosphate was added at the rate of 0, 50, 100, or 200 kg/fa., and ""Okadin'' preparation, specific for the kind of legume planted, was applied to the seeds at 10 times the recommended rate. Application of superphosphate at any of the tested rates did not significantly affect total yield obtained, seeds yield, or the nitrogen content of seeds of lentil or braodbean. Seed inoculation with Okadin showed no significant effect on the yield of broadbean, but resulted in significant reduction in the yield of lentil seeds in the two seasons of the experiment.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1976

Effect of feeding fat to dairy cows receiving a fat-deficient basal diet. I. Milk yield and composition.

The effects of supplementing a basal diet, in which the low level of fatty acids limited milk production, with soya oil, a palm oil/palmitic acid mixture and tallow, on the yield of milk and of its constituents, and on the composition of the milk, are reported. The yields of milk and milk fat were greatly increased by all the oil-supplemented diets; the mean daily yield of solids-not-fat (SNF) was also increased, but supplementation with soya oil caused the yield of crude protein (CP) to decrease, whereas the other fat-rich concentrate mixtures gave the same mean yield of protein as did the low-fat, control diet. All 3 oil-supplemented diets lowered the proportion of CP in the milk, but the SNF content was unchanged by any treatment. Dietary soya oil tended to lower the proportion of fat in the milk, whilst the palm oil/palmitic acid mixture raised it, with the tallow exerting no effect. The results are discussed in relation to previous work in which these dietary oils have been used, but in which the intake of fatty acids from the control diets did not limit milk production to the extent reported here.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Transcriptional and phytohormonal regulation of positional ear development reveals yield strategies in maize.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital global crop, contributing ∼37% of annual grain production. Enhancing yield per unit area is crucial for food security, yet research has primarily focused on single-ear traits, overlooking the regulation of double ears-a key determinant of prolificacy. While secondary ears drive yield variability under prolificacy-favoring conditions, the mechanisms governing ear formation across shoot positions remain poorly understood. Here, we performed high-resolution transcriptomic analysis of 66 samples from three ear types (primary, secondary and third) in maize inbred B73. We uncovered distinct hormonal developmental dynamics: strigolactone (SL) signaling genes, particularly SBP transcription factors, dominated in primary (I) ears, whereas ethylene-related genes (e.g., ZmEREB131, ZmACCO35) were enriched in third (III) ears. Functional validation confirmed that knockout of ZmEREB131 and ZmACCO35 accelerated development and elongated ears compared to wild-type, implicating ethylene (ETH) signaling in ear maturation arrest. Notably, SL inhibitor application synchronized primary and secondary ear development, boosting total yield by >20% without compromising primary ear performance. Our study elucidates the transcriptional networks underlying differential ear development and provides actionable strategies for yield improvement through targeted hormonal modulation. These findings advance the understanding of maize inflorescence biology and offer molecular tools for breeding high-yielding varieties.

RNA-seq↗

PubMed1976

Metabolism and growth yields in Bacteroides ruminicola strain b14.

Metabolism of D-glucose by Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis, strain B14, has been examined. Growth yield studies gave molar growth yields, corrected for storage polysaccharide, of approximately 66 g (dry weight)/mol of glucose fermented. The storage polysaccharide amounted to about 14% of the total dry weight, or 55% of the total cellular carbohydrate, at full growth. After correcting glucose utilization for incorporation into cellular carbohydrate, measurement of product formation showed that 1.1 succinate, 0.8 acetate, and 0.35 formate are produced and 0.5 CO2 net is taken up during the fermentation of 1 glucose under the conditions used. The implication of these results with respect to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) molar growth yield calculations is discussed. If substrate-level phosphorylation reactions alone are responsible for ATP generation, then the ATP molar growth yield must be about 23 g (dry weight)/mol of ATP. Alternatively, if anaerobic electron transfer-linked phosphorylation also occurs, the ATP molar growth yield will be lower.

Acetates↗

PubMed2026

Prenatal SNP-array chromosomal microarray analysis in 3,549 pregnancies: indication-specific yields and clinical implications.

BACKGROUND: SNP-based chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is widely used in invasive prenatal diagnosis, yet real-world performance across contemporary referral pathways, especially in the NIPT era, remains incompletely characterized. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 3,549 prenatal invasive samples tested by SNP array, and evaluated diagnostic yield overall and by referral indication and ultrasound phenotype. RESULTS: In total, we identified 398 pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants across 386 fetuses, resulting in an overall diagnostic yield of 10.9% (386/3,549). These findings comprised 223 aneuploidies and 175 pathogenic CNVs. In contrast, variants of uncertain significance (VOUS) were detected in 12.0% (426/3,549) of cases. Diagnostic yields were heavily stratified by indication: yields peaked in NIPT high-risk referrals (38.9%) and were intermediate in ultrasound-based cases (~ 11%), but dropped significantly in the advanced maternal age (AMA; 4.2%) and serum screening (~ 5-6%) groups. Conversely, VOUS rates remained remarkably stable across all referral categories. Sub-analysis of ultrasound abnormalities revealed that multisystem anomalies conferred the highest risk (27.3%), driven predominantly by aneuploidies; among soft markers, increased nuchal translucency (NT) emerged as the strongest predictor of chromosomal pathology. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, SNP-array identified clinically actionable findings in 10.9% of cases. NIPT enriched diagnostic yields, particularly for aneuploidies, and NT thickness was strongly associated with pathogenic findings. These results support an indication-based approach to genomic testing, with NIPT as a triage tool for aneuploidy and CMA for high-risk populations, while improving VOUS counseling.

Humans↗

PubMed1979

Health care requirements of dairy cattle. I. Response to milk yield selection.

To measure direct response to single trait selection for milk yield and correlated response in health problems, two homologous base populations were formed by pairing 66 Holstein females by sire. Base populations and descendants were managed identically except for selection by milk yield. One base and lineage were mated with sires with highest predicted difference milk (selection group); other base and lineage were mated with average sires in 1964 (control group). Milk yield, supplemental labor, and veterinary and semen expense were recorded specific to each cow. Over 9 yr, 130 selection and 163 control cows were observed. Selection cows yielded more milk but with increase in labor and expense for health care. Estimates of labor for the selection group were greater for mammary, locomotion, and digestion categories and for expense in mammary, respiration, first insemination, and later insemination categories. Labor and expense for reproduction did not differ for genetic groups. Differences between groups in annual estimated labor and expense totaled $27.00. Extra income over feed cost more than compensated for greater health care and semen cost; however, the magnitude of the latter indicates a need for them to be considered when economically evaluating breeding programs where major emphasis is on milk yield.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Selection for increased semen yield in the turkey.

Selection was effective in greatly increasing semen yield in the turkey. After five generations of selection semen yield in the selected line was more than double that of the randombred control line from which the semen line was developed. The realized heritability of semen yield was .35 +/- .20. There was no consistent change in sperm concentration or frequency of bent sperm associated with the increased yield. Egg production was increased in the semen line. The increase occurred in the first generation of selection and was maintained throughout the remaining generations of selection. Body weight during the growing period exhibited an initial increase in the semen line but declined to randombred control levels in later generations. There was no consistent change in percent fertility, percent hatchability of fertile eggs or number of poults produced per hen which was associated with the genetic increases in semen yield.

Animals↗