Continuing education--continuing competence.
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The National Library of Medicine (USA) database Medline is available as a CD-ROM version in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1988. The utilization of this system and an evaluation of the literature searches in the special medical library of a university clinic was examined. The results of 25 interviews with users and 400 questionnaires (completed by all users after CD-ROM use) were analysed. From the 400 literature searches 224 (56%) were performed by students, 157 (39%) by clinicians and 19 (5%) by others. Literature searches carried out by clinicians were usually for research projects or journal articles. Medical students were mainly interested in information for their doctoral theses. Medical students used other sources of information such as medical books and printed bibliographies more frequently than clinicians. The users evaluated their literature search as satisfactory in 89.3% of the questionnaires, not satisfactory in 6.5% and other in 4.3%. All users were extremely pleased that the CD-ROM-facility had been set up. The use of CD-ROM literature searches for medical further education, research and patient care is discussed. The inclusion of courses in the correct use of scientific literature and information systems for medical students is recommended.
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Continuing education in health care organizations consists of that which is required by law or regulation and that which is optional. The required is done because it must be done; the other, including most management development and some staff education, is often ignored. Nonrequired education is one of the first items to go during budget-cutting exercises. Yet continuing education at all levels, for managers as well as nonmanagers, is essential in keeping health care workers abreast of rapid change. Much continuing education, even that for rank-and-file staff, is up to the department manager, and with few exceptions, the pursuit of continuing management development is left largely to the individual manager. The department manager is an educator of staff and is also largely responsible for self-development.
Continuing education is important to the individual, to the library, and to society as a whole, and therefore each should attempt to foster continued learning and the questioning mind. Today, librarians are seeking "philosophies" for what they do because the changes in the world about them have denied them the comfort of the implicit assumptions about their work which librarians of earlier periods had. The professional association, like the medieval guilds, has a responsibility to its members to aid in their search for reality ("philosophy") and specifically in their need for continuing education.
Continuing education will survive and prosper in the NHS market-place, the author argues, if it is seen to be the 'fittest' for its purpose--the delivery of effective quality care demonstrated through the enhanced performance of nurses. She proposes that evidence of such fitness can be gained through a multidimensional evaluation framework that allows the interaction of relevant factors to be mapped; estimated and used as a performance indicator.
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Legally accountable to the public, state boards of pharmacy are continually confronted with the problem of maintaining the quality of pharmacy practice. One approach to accomplishing this task has been to implement mandatory continuing education requirements for relicensure. This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness and deficiencies of various states' continuing education regulations. A 40-question survey was mailed to 600 pharmacy board members and continuing education providers to determine their attitudes toward continuing education, support of mandatory continuing education, and their opinion of alternative methods for improving the quality of pharmacy practice. Responses from approximately one-half of those surveyed indicate board members and continuing education providers were positively disposed toward continuing education. However, there was room for improvement in most states' mandatory continuing education regulations. A relicensure examination was considered to be the best method to ensure competency, while mandatory continuing education was viewed as acceptable to pharmacists, and relatively easy to administer. The consequences of the study's findings for modifying state continuing education regulations is discussed.
This article presents data from the 1-year follow-up of the three conferences targeted toward continuing education (CE) providers and staff development (SD) educators and reviews the train-the-trainer model used in disseminating the End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) curriculum. The analysis has implications for educators to promote improved end-of-life (EOL) care in their own institutions.
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